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Because it doesn't. There are technical reasons why that I'll go into below, but ultimately it comes down to that.

Lumber shrinks as it dries, so a board originally cut to two inches by four inches when green will actually be slightly smaller once it is dried and ready for use. Also, the boards are planed to smooth them, which shrinks them slightly further compared to the rough-cut green timber.

Ultimately, the sizes of lumber were standardized, and a 2x4 now officially has a measure when dry of 1.5 inches by 3.5 inches, since that's a good approximation of what a board rough cut to two inches by four inches will dry and plane into.

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Q: Why doesn't a two by four measure two inches by four inches?
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