Meningococcemia is an acute and potentially life-threatening infection of the bloodstream that commonly leads to inflammation of the blood vessels (vasculitis).
See also: Septicemia
Alternative NamesMeningococcal septicemia; Meningococcal blood poisoning; Meningococcal bacteremia
Causes, incidence, and risk factorsMeningococcemia is caused by a bacteria called Neisseria meningitidis. The bacteria frequently lives in a person's upper respiratory tract without causing visible signs of illness. The bacteria can be spread from person to person through respiratory droplets -- for example, you may become infected if you are around someone with the condition when they sneeze or cough.
Family members and those closely exposed to someone with the condition are at increased risk. The infection occurs more frequently in winter and early spring.
SymptomsThere may be few symptoms at first. Some may include:
Additional symptoms may include:
Later symptoms may include:
Signs and testsBlood tests will be done to rule out other infections and help confirm meningococcemia. Such tests may include:
Other tests that may be done include:
Persons with this type of infection are often admitted to the intensive care unit of the hospital, where they are closely monitored. The person may be placed in respiratory isolation for the first 24 hours to help prevent the spread of the infection to others.
Treatments may include:
Early treatment results in a good outcome. When shock develops, the outcome is less certain.
The condition is most life threatening in those who have:
Patients who do not develop meningitis also tend to have a poorer outcome.
ComplicationsGo to the emergency room immediately if you have symptoms of meningococcemia. Call your doctor if you have been around someone with the disease.
PreventionPreventive antibiotics for family members and contacts are often recommended. Speak with your health care provider about this option.
A vaccine that covers some -- but not all -- strains of meningococcus is available, and has been suggested for use by college students who live in dormitories. You should discuss the appropriate use of this vaccine with your health care provider.
ReferencesApicella MA. Meningococcal infections. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 321.
Apicella MA. Neisseria meningitides. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 6th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone; 2005: chap 208.
Fernandez-Frackelton M. Bacteria. In: Marx J, ed. Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 6th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Mosby Elsevier; 2006: chap 127.
Meningococcemia is an acute and potentially life-threatening infection of the bloodstream.
See also: Septicemia
Alternative NamesMeningococcal septicemia; Meningococcal blood poisoning; Meningococcal bacteremia
Causes, incidence, and risk factorsMeningococcemia is caused by a bacteria called Neisseria meningitidis. The bacteria frequently lives in a person's upper respiratory tract without causing visible signs of illness. The bacteria can be spread from person to person through respiratory droplets -- for example, you may become infected if you are around someone with the condition when they sneeze or cough.
Family members and those closely exposed to someone with the condition are at increased risk. The infection occurs more frequently in winter and early spring.
SymptomsThere may be few symptoms at first. Some may include:
Later symptoms may include:
Signs and testsBlood tests will be done to rule out other infections and help confirm meningococcemia. Such tests may include:
Other tests that may be done include:
Meningococcemia is a medical emergency. Persons with this type of infection are often admitted to the intensive care unit of the hospital, where they are closely monitored. The person may be placed in respiratory isolation for the first 24 hours to help prevent the spread of the infection to others.
Treatments may include:
Early treatment results in a good outcome. When shock develops, the outcome is less certain.
The condition is most life threatening in those who have:
Patients who do not develop meningitis also tend to have a poorer outcome.
ComplicationsGo to the emergency room immediately if you have symptoms of meningococcemia. Call your doctor if you have been around someone with the disease.
PreventionPreventive antibiotics for family members and contacts are often recommended. Speak with your health care provider about this option.
A vaccine that covers some -- but not all -- strains of meningococcus is recommended for children. Unvaccinated college students who live in dormitories should also consider receiving this vaccine. In this scenario, it should be given a few weeks before they first move into the dormitory. You should discuss the appropriate use of this vaccine with your health care provider.
ReferencesApicella MA. Meningococcal infections. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 321.
Reviewed ByReview Date: 09/15/2010
David C. Dugdale, III, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine; Jatin M. Vyas, MD, PhD, Assistant Professor in Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Assistant in Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.
The diagnosis of meningococcemia can be made by the growth of the organism from blood cultures.
Immediate treatment of a suspected case of meningococcemia begins with antibiotics that work against the organism.
As many as 15-20% of patients with meningococcemia will die as a result of the acute infection.
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You can find reading material on meningococcemia in medical textbooks, journal articles, and reputable websites such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO). These sources will provide information on symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of meningococcemia.
Yes
No. It would be quite unusual for this to happen.
Certain people with immune system defects (particularly those with defects in the complement system) may have recurrent episodes of meningococcemia. These patients, however, seem to have a less serious outcome.
The first signs of the infection's severity are small bleeding spots seen on the skin (petechiae). A doctor should always suspect meningococcemia when he/she finds an acutely ill patient with fever, chills, and petechiae.
It is most likely that the speed of initial treatment will affect the ultimate outcome.
A significant percentage of the survivors will have tissue damage that requires surgical treatment.