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Prognathism is an extension or bulging out (protrusion) of the lower jaw (mandible) that occurs when the shape of the face bones cause the teeth to be improperly lined up (misaligned).
Alternative NamesExtended chin
ConsiderationsPrognathism may cause malocclusion (misalignment of the biting surfaces of the upper and lower teeth), giving some people an angry, or fighter's, appearance. Prognathism may be a symptom of various syndromes or conditions.
Common CausesAn extended (protruding) jaw can be part of the normal facial shape a person is born with.
It can also be caused by inherited conditions such as Crouzon syndrome or basal cell nevus syndrome.
It may develop over time in children or adults as the result of conditions such as gigantism or acromegaly.
Home CareIt is appropriate to see a dentist or orthodontist to treat abnormal alignment of the jaw and teeth. However, your primary health care provider should also be involved to check for any underlying medical disorders that can be associated with prognathism.
Call your health care provider if- There is difficulty talking, biting, or chewing related to the abnormal jaw alignment.
- You have concerns about jaw alignment
The health care provider will perform a physical examination and ask questions regarding the patient's medical history. Questions may include:
- Is there any family history of an unusual jaw shape?
- Is there difficulty talking, biting, or chewing?
- What other symptoms do you have?
Diagnostic tests may include:
- Skull x-ray
- Dental x-rays
- Imprints of the bite (a plaster mold is made of the teeth)
Wiki User
∙ 13y ago
Wiki User
∙ 12y agoPrognathism is an extension or bulging out (protrusion) of the lower jaw (mandible) that occurs when the shape of the face bones cause the teeth to be improperly lined up (misaligned).
Alternative NamesExtended chin
ConsiderationsPrognathism may cause malocclusion (misalignment of the biting surfaces of the upper and lower teeth), giving some people an angry, or fighter's, appearance. Prognathism may be a symptom of various syndromes or conditions.
Common CausesAn extended (protruding) jaw can be part of the normal facial shape a person is born with.
It can also be caused by inherited conditions such as Crouzon syndrome or basal cell nevus syndrome.
It may develop over time in children or adults as the result of conditions such as gigantism or acromegaly.
Home CareIt is appropriate to see a dentist or orthodontist to treat abnormal alignment of the jaw and teeth. However, your primary health care provider should also be involved to check for any underlying medical disorders that can be associated with prognathism.
Call your health care provider if- There is difficulty talking, biting, or chewing related to the abnormal jaw alignment.
- You have concerns about jaw alignment
The health care provider will perform a physical examination and ask questions regarding the patient's medical history. Questions may include:
- Is there any family history of an unusual jaw shape?
- Is there difficulty talking, biting, or chewing?
- What other symptoms do you have?
Diagnostic tests may include:
- Skull x-ray
- Dental x-rays
- Imprints of the bite (a plaster mold is made of the teeth)
This condition may be treated with surgery. An oral surgeron, plastic facial surgeon, or ENT specialist may perform this surgery.
Reviewed ByReview Date: 02/02/2012
John Goldenring, MD, MPH, JD, Pediatrics, Sharp Rees-Stealy Medical Group, San Diego, CA. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.
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What is prognathism?
Jaws projecting beyond the upper part of the face.
What has the author Arne Bjo rk written?
Arne Bjo rk has written: 'The face in profile' -- subject(s): Face, Facial bones, Prognathism
What type of procedure is performed to treat orthognathia?
Orthognathic (gnath-jaw) surgery involves correction of jaw deformities. A sagittal split osteotomy may be performed to correct retrognathism or prognathism. Genioplasties are performed to shorten the anterior portion of the mandible.
Scientific name of lower jaw?
Upper one is maxilla and lower one is mandible
Why is matrilineal parallel cousin marriage forbidden in a matrilineal society?
Matrilineal parallel cousin marriage is usually forbidden in matrilineal societies to avoid inbreeding and maintain genetic diversity. Marrying outside of the family helps to build alliances with other clans or lineages, strengthening social bonds and connections within the community. Additionally, allowing marriage with parallel cousins could lead to power consolidation within a few families, disrupting the balance of power in the society.
Acromegaly?
DefinitionAcromegaly is a chronic metabolic disorder in which there is too much growth hormone and the body tissues gradually enlarge.Alternative NamesSomatotroph adenoma; Growth hormone excess; Pituitary giantCauses, incidence, and risk factorsAcromegaly occurs in about 6 of every 100,000 adults. It is caused by abnormal production of growth hormone after the skeleton and other organs finish growing.Excessive production of growth hormone in children causes gigantism rather than acromegaly.The cause of the increased growth hormone release is usually a noncancerous (benign) tumor of the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland, which is located just below the brain, controls the production and release of several different hormones, including growth hormone.SymptomsBody odorCarpal tunnel syndromeDecreased muscle strength (weakness)Easy fatigueEnlarged bones of the faceEnlarged feetEnlarged handsEnlarged glands in the skin (sebaceous glands)Enlarged jaw (prognathism) and tongueExcessive height (when excess growth hormone production begins in childhood)Excessive sweatingHeadacheHoarsenessJoint painLimited joint movementSleep apneaSwelling of the bony areas around a jointThickening of the skin, skin tagsWidely spaced teethWidened fingers or toes due to skin overgrowth with swelling, redness, and painOther symptoms that may occur with this disease:Excess hair growth in femalesWeight gain (unintentional)Signs and testsHigh growth hormone levelHigh insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levelSpine x-rayshows abnormal bone growthPituitary MRI may show a pituitary tumorEchocardiogrammay show an enlarged heart, leaky mitral valve, or leaky aortic valveThis disease may also change the results of the following tests:Fasting plasma glucoseGlucose tolerance testTreatmentSurgery to remove the pituitary tumor causing this condition corrects the abnormal growth hormone secretion in most patients. This surgery may not be available to patients in remote locations, so travel to a larger metropolitan area may be necessary for treatment.Radiation of the pituitary gland is used for people who do not respond to the surgical treatment. However, the reduction in growth hormone levels after radiation is very slow.The following medications may be used to treat acromegaly:Octreotide (Sandostatin) or bromocriptine (Parlodel) may control growth hormone release in some people.Pegvisomant (Somavert) directly blocks the effects of growth hormone, and has been shown to improve symptoms of acromegaly.These medications may be used before surgery, or when surgery is not possible.After treatment, periodic evaluation is necessary to ensure that the pituitary gland is working normally. Yearly evaluations are recommended.Expectations (prognosis)Pituitary surgery is successful in most patients, depending on the size of the tumor and the experience of the surgeon.Without treatment the symptoms will get worse, and the risk of cardiovasculardisease increases.ComplicationsArthritisCardiovascular diseaseCarpal tunnel syndromeColonic polypsGlucose intolerance or diabetesHigh blood pressureHypopituitarismSleep apneaSpinal cord compressionUterine fibroidsVision abnormalitiesCalling your health care providerCall your health care provider if you have symptoms of acromegaly, or if your symptoms do not improve with treatment.PreventionThere are no methods to prevent the condition, but early treatment may prevent complications of the disease from getting worse.ReferencesMelmed S, Kleinberg D. Anterior pituitary. In: Kronenberg HM, Melmed S, Polonsky KS, Larsen PR, eds. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2008:chap 8.
Malocclusion of teeth?
DefinitionMalocclusion means the teeth are not aligned properly.Alternative NamesCrowded teeth; Misaligned teeth; Crossbite; Overbite; Underbite; Open biteCauses, incidence, and risk factorsOcclusion refers to the alignment of teeth and the way that the upper and lower teeth fit together (bite). Ideally, all upper teeth fit slightly over the lower teeth. The points of the molars fit the grooves of the opposite molar.The upper teeth keep the cheeks and lips from being bitten and the lower teeth protect the tongue.Malocclusion is most often hereditary, which means the condition is passed down through families. There may be a difference between the size of the upper and lower jaws or between jaw and tooth size, resulting in overcrowding of teeth or in abnormal bite patterns.Variations in size or structure of either jaw may affect its shape, as can birth defects such as cleft lip and palate. Other causes of malocclusion include:Childhood habits such as thumb sucking, tongue thrusting, pacifier use beyond age 3, and prolonged use of a bottleExtra teeth, lost teeth, impacted teeth, or abnormally shaped teethIll-fitting dental fillings, crowns, appliances, retainers, or bracesMisalignment of jaw fractures after a severe injuryTumors of the mouth and jawThere are different categories of malocclusion.Class 1 malocclusion is the most common. The bite is normal, but the upper teeth slightly overlap the lower teeth.Class 2 malocclusion, called retrognathism or overbite, occurs when the upper jaw and teeth severely overlap the bottom jaw and teeth.Class 3 malocclusion, called prognathism or underbite, occurs when the lower jaw protrudes or juts forward, causing the lower jaw and teeth to overlap the upper jaw and teeth.SymptomsAbnormal alignment of teethAbnormal appearance of the faceDifficulty or discomfort when biting or chewingSpeech difficulties (rare) including lispMouth breathing (breathing through the mouth without closing the lips)Signs and testsMost problems with teeth alignment are discovered by a dentist during a routine exam. The dentist may pull your cheek outward and ask you to bite down to check how well your back teeth come together. If there is any problem, the dentist will usually refer you to an orthodontist for diagnosis and treatment.Dental x-rays, head or skull x-rays, or facial x-rays may be required. Plaster or plastic molds of the teeth are often needed.TreatmentVery few people have perfect teeth alignment. However, most problems are so minor that they do not require treatment.Malocclusion is the most common reason for referral to an orthodontist.By treating moderate or severe malocclusion, the teeth are easier to clean and there is less risk of tooth decay and periodontal diseases (gingivitis or periodontitis). Treatment eliminates strain on the teeth, jaws, and muscles, which lessens the risk of breaking a tooth and may reduce symptoms of temporomandibular joint disorders.The goal is to correct the positioning of the teeth. Braces or other appliances may be used. Metal bands are placed around some teeth, or metal, ceramic, or plastic bonds are attached to the surface of the teeth. Wires or springs apply force to the teeth.One or more teeth may need to be removed if overcrowding is part of the problem. Rough or irregular teeth may be adjusted down, reshaped, and bonded or capped. Misshapen restorations and dental appliances should be repaired. Surgery may be required on rare occasions. This may include surgical reshaping to lengthen or shorten the jaw (orthognathic surgery). Wires, plates, or screws may be used to stabilize the jaw bone, in a similar manner to the surgical stabilization of jaw fracture.It is important to brush and floss your teethevery day and have regular visits to a general dentist. Plaque accumulates on braces and may permanently mark teeth or cause tooth decay if not properly cared for.Retainers (used to stabilize the teeth) may be required for an indefinite time to maintain the new position of the teeth.Expectations (prognosis)Problems with teeth alignment are easier, quicker, and less expensive to treat when they are corrected early. Treatment is most successful in children and adolescents because their bone is still soft and teeth are moved more easily. Treatment may last 6 months to 2 or more years, depending on the severity of the case.Treatment of orthodontic disorders in adults is often successful but may require longer use of braces or other devices.ComplicationsTooth decayDiscomfort during treatmentIrritation of mouth and gums (gingivitis) caused by appliancesChewing or speaking difficulty during treatmentCalling your health care providerCall your orthodontist if toothache, mouth pain, or other new symptoms develop during orthodontic treatment.PreventionMany types of malocclusion are not preventable. Control of habits such as thumb sucking may be necessary in some cases. However, early detection and treatment may optimize the time and method of treatment needed.
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pseudomonas, pseudomorph, pseudopodal, pseudopodia, psilocybins, psilophytes, psilophytic, psittacines, psittacoses, psittacosis, psittacotic, psychedelia, psychedelic, psychiatric, psychically, psychodrama, psychogenic, psychograph, psychologic, psychometry, psychomotor, psychopaths, psychopathy, pteranodons, pteridology, pterodactyl, pubescences, publication, publicising, publicities, publicizing, publishable, publishings, puckishness, pudginesses, puerilities, puffinesses, pugnacities, pulchritude, pullulating, pullulation, pulpinesses, pulverising, pulverizers, pulverizing, pulverulent, pumpkinseed, punchboards, punchinello, punctations, punctilious, punctuality, punctuating, punctuation, punctuators, punishments, punkinesses, purchasable, purgatorial, purgatories, purificator, puritanical, puritanisms, purpleheart, purportedly, purposeless, purposively, pursinesses, pursuivants, purtenances, purveyances, pushfulness, pushinesses, pussyfooted, pussyfooter, pustulation, putrescence, putrescible, putrescines, putridities, puzzlements, pycnogonids, pycnometers, pyracanthas, pyramidally, pyramidical, pyranosides, pyrargyrite, pyrethroids, pyridoxines, pyrimidines, pyroclastic, pyrogallols, pyrolusites, pyrolysates, pyrolyzable, pyrolyzates, pyromancies, pyromaniacs, pyrometries, pyrotechnic, pyroxenites, pyroxenitic, pyroxenoids, pyrrhotites, pythonesses1492 words
