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Each lung is surrounded by pleura, sac-like structures which prevent the lungs over-expanding and reduce friction between lungs during their expansion. They contain a small amount of pleural effusion (fluid) which keeps the lungs moist acting as a lubricant. Each pleura is made of two layers, parietal and visceral. The visceral membrane is continuous with the lungs and the parietal is on top of that (with the pleural fluid/effusion between).

Between the two lungs is a structure called the mediastinum, this is another sac-like structure which contains the pericardium (heart-sac), the heart, the major vessels leaving the heart, some of the oesophagus and trachea also enter it.

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