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Every element on the Periodic Table is made of a number of protons and neutrons in the center with electrons around them. What makes one element different from another is the number of protons it has. The number of protons an element has is equal to that element's number on the periodic table.

So, for example, Helium, which is element #2, has two protons. Oxygen, element #8, has 8 protons.

The element's number that is also its number of protons is the small whole number located above the element symbol. E.g. 8 is written above O for oxygen. (The larger decimal number below the element symbol is something different, the average mass of the element.)

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