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Strictly speaking, no, fermentation is the result of anaerobic (without oxygen) respiration of sugar by yeast. But its more complicated than that... Yeast requires oxygen for a number of processes essential for reproduction. Most fermentations involve the initial introduction of oxygen to ensure a strong yeast colony is established. And brewers yeast will ferment without using oxygen even if oxygen is available. Alcohol is toxic to many other organisms (and in high enough concentrations to yeast as well) and by converting sugar to alcohol it can prevent other organisms from getting established.

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