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Sunlight is the initial source of energy for most ecosystems. The producers convert light energy into chemical energy through photosynthesis. Energy transformations are yet never fully efficient and energy will escape from the ecosystem.

The chemical energy then passes through the trophic levels of the ecosystem, where herbivores obtain energy from eating plants and carnivores obtain their energy from eating other animals. As for decomposers, they obtain their energy from waste products. Energy cannot be fully transferred between the trophic levels and it is only around 10% efficient as some energy is lost as heat through respiration.

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