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Like all good scientists, Pierre Curie and Marie Skłodowska Curie (the two did a lot of their work together, and she always included her Polish birth name when referring to herself), tested a phenomena -- the ionizing radiation coming out of uranium -- and made a conclusion based on the results of their experiments. Specifically, these two found that the degree of ionization from a compound with uranium depended only on the amount of uranium in a sample. This meant that whatever this radiation was, it was coming from the atoms of uranium itself, not from any chemical reaction between uranium and other materials. This discovery was a major shift in the idea that atoms were eternally immutable.

The two later noted that two compounds containing uranium had more ionizing radiation than uranium itself, causing them to conclude that there must be some element even more radioactive than uranium. This hypothesis led them to search for these elements, and thus to find radioactive thorium, polonium and radium.

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