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Newton's biggest contribution to astronomy was probably his invention of calculus, which gives us the mathematical tools we needed - and which previous astronomers didn't have - to calculate orbits.

Newton's second greatest role was in developing his theory of universal gravitation.

That enabled him to explain why planet's orbits are elliptical.

Indeed, Newton's theory of gravity, combined with his work on mechanics, showed how all three of Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion can be derived.

In fact, in his great book, the "Principia", he did all his proofs without using the calculus, so that it would be easier to understand.

He also invented the "Newtonian " reflecting telescope, which is still important in astronomy today.

Comments : I don't think that Newton's work on calculus was his main contribution to ASTRONOMY. Apart from anything else, Leibnitz also invented it at more or less the same time anyway.

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