Mutation is the important " starter " of the adaptive change engendered by natural selection. Variation is key to selection and without variation in organisms there would be nothing to select from for the survival and reproductive success of the organism against the immediate environment.
One factor that affects survival and natural selection is genetic variation. Genetic variation within a population allows for individuals with traits that better suit their environment to survive and reproduce, leading to the passing on of advantageous traits to future generations through natural selection.
The direction is determined by whatever factor allows one variant to outbreed others. I'm not quite sure what is meant by 'extent'.
Natural selection is the process by which certain traits that provide a reproductive advantage become more common in a population over time, leading to evolutionary change. Evolution is the overall change in a population's genetic makeup over successive generations, driven by mechanisms such as natural selection. In essence, natural selection is one of the primary mechanisms through which evolution occurs.
The three patterns of natural selection are directional selection, stabilizing selection, and disruptive selection. Directional selection favors individuals at one extreme of a trait distribution, stabilizing selection favors the intermediate phenotype, and disruptive selection favors individuals at both extremes of a trait distribution.
Evolution, of course. Evolution can happen without natural selection in some cases; drift, flow. Generally though, natural selection causes evolution and then, by definition, would come first.
Variation in the organisms under selection. In both artificial selection and natural selection there must be heritable variations that have the possibility of being in the case of artificial selection what the selector wants in the organism and in thje case of natural selection survivability and reproductive advantages.
One factor that affects survival and natural selection is genetic variation. Genetic variation within a population allows for individuals with traits that better suit their environment to survive and reproduce, leading to the passing on of advantageous traits to future generations through natural selection.
Randomness.
In one way or another, all of them. However, we generally don't speak of natural selection in terms of how it affects cells (except perhaps germline cells), but in terms of how it affects populations, lineages or allele frequencies in gene pools. In population genetics, cells are merely the containers for collections of genes, and the machines that express those genes.
They are the selective agent in natural selection ;)
Natural selection is one of the mechanisms that shapes adaptation and enables evolution.
Which polar bear will not benedit from natural selection
Directional selection
the organism
Ripeness
Ripeness
The direction is determined by whatever factor allows one variant to outbreed others. I'm not quite sure what is meant by 'extent'.