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A1. In the context of an infection (when bacteria are making somebody sick by living in their body), antibiotics are used. These are chemicals that either kill them directly, or stop them from multiplying, until there are none left, by interfering with the chemical reactions needed for them to live. Examples include penicillin and streptomycin.

Antiseptic hand gels and similar products work by causing damage to the bacteria, by changing the environment they are in so that it is no longer ideal. Examples of antiseptics include alcohol gels and iodine solutions.

If antibiotics are used too often or not enough, however, bacteria can become resistant, as some are exposed to but not killed by the drug. This means they are able to survive normal doses of the antibiotic, which can be a major problem in hospitals, as "superbugs" like MRSA can evolve and spread very quickly.

answ2. Common household materials such as bleach are used to disinfect surfaces, clothes, and water for drinking. These work by destroying some of the proteins that bacteria consider essential.

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