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Its difficult to state who were the first enemies of Rome. We certainly know that they expanded outward from their city and conquered the surrounding peoples. Then they were at war with the Etruscans very early on. In fact the Etruscans conquered the Romans and were their kings for a time, so they definitely were one of Rome's first enemies.

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What is a Roman pilum?

A pilum was not a sword, it was a heavy javelin thrown by the Roman soldier. His sword was called a "gladius". The pilum, after the Marian reforms, had an iron head and a wooden shaft which would either break away or bend upon impact, thereby preventing the enemy from pulling it out of their shields and using it on the Romans. It also hindered the enemy infantry from charging, as the shafts of the pilum could be stuck in the enemy's shield hanging down around the enemy fighter's feet.


Roman gladiators what is the bump on the scutum shield used for?

The bump or boss on the Roman shield was used for hitting the enemy. The shield was also an offensive weapon in hand to hand combat. In certain battle situations, the men would push with their shields and if the enemy had little or no armor it could deliver a blow that was not lethal, but could knock the enemy off his feet.


Did roman's have war cries?

Yes, the war cry was part of their initial battle charge. It was meat to intimidate the enemy.


Did Julius Caesar win any awards?

Julius Caesar was awarded the civic crown. It awarded to soldiers who saved the lives of fellow Roman soldier an enemy on a spot held by the enemy that same day.


What does fel temp reparatio mean on a Roman coin?

This is a motto usually found on Roman coins of the period after about 300 AD. It is the caption for a picture of a Roman soldier driving a spear into a fallen enemy cavalryman, who is pleading for his life. A good, slightly loose, translation is, "Happy days are here again."