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Red, Green and Yellow are used in traffic lights because they were proven to be the colours that were most easily distinguished in darkness or foggy weather. Apparently the colors of red and green were standard in the electrical industry at the time. The makers of railroad signals and traffic lights simply adopted the familiar color scheme.

The color selections are primarily due to their wavelengths. RED has the highest wavelength and hence propagates the farthest. That means you could see red light even when the weather conditions are bad. Hence RED for the most critical signal - STOP. Similarly for YELLOW/ORANGE and GREEN.

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