Evolution

When Darwin first published his theories on evolution by natural selection, he envisaged evolution as a slow, steady process, with little variation in the rate of change.

Later discoveries showed that this process was unlikely to be so slow and steady as was thought earlier; that in stead certain conditions enabled lifeforms to change rapidly, to develop significantly different morphologies in the course of less than 10.000 generations even. The first scientists to formulate such a model were S.J. Gould and N. Eldridge, and their model was called 'punctuated equilibrium'.

To summarize: the significant difference between Darwin's gradualism and Gould's punctuated equilibrium is the variation in the rate of change.

Endosymbiosis is one of the most important evolutionary events is cells over time. At one time all cells were prokaryote and then by ingestion, or invasion other cells entered some cells and stayed to become part of a more complex cell that could divide cellular labor more efficiently. This is how the mitochondria came about and this organelle was once it's own cell and still has it's own circular DNA.

No. Many scientist saw immediately that the theory of evolution by natural selection was the best explanation of the species problem(Huxley, Hooker, Wallace, Grey and many others ). Huxley said, " How stupid not to have thought of that! " Though by the turn of the century the theory was being challenged by the new genetic sciences. Not until the 30's did the new synthesis meld genetics and biology into a seamless evolutionary theory.

Geological distribution of species can provide evidence of evolution by showing patterns of related organisms in different regions that can be explained by common ancestry and the processes of evolution. For example, closely related species are often found in close proximity to each other, while more distantly related species may be found in different regions, suggesting common evolutionary origins. This distribution pattern supports the idea of species diversifying and spreading out over time in response to changing environments and selective pressures.

The offspring are usually sterile.

The branches of genetics, paleontology, observed natural selection and speciation all support evolution.

Examples:

(Genetics) Human chromosome 2 resulted from a fusion of two ancestral chromosomes.

(Paleontology) Evolution of the horse.

(Natural selection) Observed in Peppered moths.

(Speciation) The Hawthorn Fly

Convergence= occurs when different creatures have similar organs...and disproves evolution, but reveals an Intelligent Designer, i.e. Creator God.

Divergence = very different-diverse-features in plants or animals which ought to be very closely related.

See more on the web.

A wildlife or population biologist might want to track large and smaller populations of organisms by satellite.

Natural selection causes evolution by favoring individuals with advantageous traits that increase their chances of survival and reproduction in a specific environment. Over time, these traits become more common in the population, leading to evolutionary change through the accumulation of advantageous genetic variations.

Evolution by natural selection, proposed by Charles Darwin, suggests that individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and pass on those traits to their offspring, leading to changes in populations over time. Lamarck's view of evolution, on the other hand, proposed the inheritance of acquired traits, where organisms could pass on traits that they acquired during their lifetime. The key difference is that in natural selection, the advantageous traits are already present in the population and selected for, while Lamarck's theory suggests that organisms can actively acquire and pass on new traits.

Many things. Just physical differences, a mouse is not going to breed with an elephant. Behavioral difference, such as mating dances, calls and the like. Temporal differences, such as one organism is diurnal and the other is nocturnal, or seasonal differences. These are called prezygotic barriers to reproduction.

Postzygotic barriers can be as simple as a sterile match, such as horses and donkeys.

Then there is just physical barriers, such as mountains and water barriers.

Yes but only closely related species. If you isolated some canaries for years you could come up with a sub species of canary. but no matter how long the animals were isolated they would still be birds. they would not change into a species other than a bird species even if given millions of years.

To the organisms that produced the oxygen as a waste gas of a anaerobic metabolism, the impact was bad and severely impacted them to the point of extinction. They are now the extremeophiles.

To the developing anaerobes of the seas this addition of great amounts of oxygen was the impetus to their adaptive radiation all through the oceans of the earth.

No until plants emerged did gas exchange change somewhat again.

A small isolated population is more likely to undergo speciation because genetic diversity is reduced, leading to higher chances of genetic drift and inbreeding. This can result in the accumulation of unique genetic traits that eventually lead to reproductive isolation from the original population. Additionally, small populations are more susceptible to environmental pressures, which can drive the divergence and adaptation necessary for speciation.

Jean Baptiste Lamarck's work proposed the theory of inheritance of acquired traits, where individual organisms can pass on traits acquired during their lifetime to their offspring. This theory influenced early evolutionary thought but was largely replaced by Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection. Lamarck's work highlighted the idea of organisms adapting to their environment, sparking further discussion in the field of biology.

Yes, that process is called natural selection. It is a key mechanism of evolution where individuals with beneficial traits are more likely to survive and pass on their genes to the next generation, leading to the adaptation of populations to their environment over time.

The theory of oscillation is a mathematical theory that describes the behavior of a system that experiences periodic changes in a regular, repeating pattern. It is based on the concept of a simple harmonic oscillator, which is a system where an object (like a mass on a spring) moves back and forth in a predictable and repetitive motion. The theory of oscillation applies to physical systems, such as pendulums, electrical circuits, and many other types of systems. It can also be used to describe certain mathematical models, such as the wave equation and the equations of motion.

The theory of oscillation is based on the idea that a system with certain properties can be described by a mathematical equation. This equation is known as a differential equation, and it describes the behavior of the system over time as it experiences different forces and influences. The properties of the system, such as its mass, spring constant, and other factors, determine how the system will behave. The motion of the system is described by the solution to the differential equation, which is known as the oscillation equation.

The theory of oscillation helps to explain the behavior of a system in terms of certain variables, such as position, velocity, acceleration, and force. It can also be used to determine the frequency, amplitude, and phase of a system's oscillation. Additionally, it can be used to analyze the stability of a system, which is important to understand when designing a system that has to operate under certain conditions.

Adaptive radiation occurs when a single ancestral species evolves into a diverse array of new species to fill different ecological niches. This can happen when a population disperses to various environments with different selective pressures, leading to adaptation and speciation. Over time, this process can result in the development of distinct species with unique characteristics suited to their specific habitats.

Natural selection that leads to a great enough change in allele frequency over time in a population of organisms, evolution, and helped by environmental changes to create sub-populations of these organisms that can no longer breed among themselves and then are accounted new species.

The discovery of evolution began in the 19th century with scientists like Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace proposing the theory of natural selection as a mechanism driving evolutionary change. Darwin's seminal work, "On the Origin of Species," was published in 1859 and is considered a foundational text in the field of evolution.

Embryos provide evidence for evolution through comparative embryology, showing similarities in development among different species. This suggests a common ancestry and the existence of shared genetic information inherited from a common ancestor. By studying how embryos of different species develop, scientists can trace evolutionary relationships and infer evolutionary history.

1. Descent with modification: Species evolve over time from common ancestors, leading to diverse forms of life.
2. Natural selection: Organisms with advantageous traits for survival and reproduction are more likely to pass on their genes to the next generation, resulting in gradual changes in populations over time.

Anatomical similarities among different species provide evidence of evolution through the presence of homologous structures, which are structures that have a common evolutionary origin. These similarities suggest that different species share a common ancestor and have evolved from it over time, resulting in variations in the form and function of these structures. By comparing anatomical features across species, scientists can infer evolutionary relationships and trace the evolutionary history of organisms.