The whistle is blown once and play stops. If the player who is
fouled has the ball, they get a free throw. If the player who is
fouled is a defender, they are awarded the ball and get a free
throw. The referee will point to the player who has the free throw
with one arm and the direction of the team with the other.
The whistle is blown twice. Play stops, and the player who
commits the foul gets ejected for 20 seconds. This usually happens
to a defensive player. The referee will point to the player who
commits the foul (and blow the whistle), and point to the ejection
area (and blow the whistle again).
When a player pushes off the side of the pool (or the
bottom)
"false start" at the beginning of the play
holding the ball under water (even if the defensive player is
holding your arm down)