A phonon is a collective vibrational mode in an ideal
crystalline solid.
A single phonon is pure vibrational mode. It is direct analogy
to a pure vibrational mode in a musical instrument such as a string
of a guitar.
It can be said that it is a sound wave, but the vibrations
allowed that are pure single mode vibrations are more extensive
than simple sound waves.
Phonons, in their original and normal sense, occur in perfect
crystalline structures where each atom has a specific equilibrium
location that is repeated regularly in space.
In a pure single phonon mode there is a periodic vibration (i.e.
displacement) of each atom that is described as a sinusoidal
variation in space and time. One specifies a particular phonon with
a wavelength, direction and frequency, just as with a sound
wave.
In real solids, there are imperfections, but they are near
enough to idea that the idealized concept of a phonon is usually
completely adequate.
Finally, phonons can be described as classical vibrations as is
natural in classical mechanics and they can be described as quantum
vibrations using quantum mechanics. The quantum description is
fundamentally correct, but the classical description is very useful
and convenient in many cases. Some people would say that you should
not call the collective vibrations of a solid phonons unless you
are describing them as a quantum phenomena but other people would
say that is too picky. Usually, however, the term phonon implies
that quantum nature of the vibration of a crystal.