How does a daffodil defend itself?

Answer 1

Animals learn very quickly not to bother the daffodils. Not only to they taste horrible, but they are poisonous - every inch of them.

All Narcissus (daffodils included) contain an alkaloid poison called lycorine. If ingested it will cause vomiting in humans as well as high blood pressure, headaches, blurred vision, irregular heartbeat and possibly death. Accidental ingestion is due to someone mistaking a daffodil bulb for an onion or shallot.

Another human response is the "daffodil itch" which as a common inflammation of the skin, especially in florist. This is caused by calcium oxalate in the sap, and will produce dryness, fissures, scalines and redening of the hands.

The ASPCA puts out a document which list the different animals and what is toxic to those particular animals. Daffodils are poisonous for all common household pets and livestock.

However, the good news is that there is a chemical called galantamine that daffodils produce. This has been used to combat Alzheimer's disease.

Answer 2

Dandelions are alive, but they don't protect themselves, really. They have no defenses.