When the beam of electrons passed through the gold foil, some were deflected at odd angles. This indicated the presence of a more massive portion of the atom that could be explained by the raisin pudding model.
Under the prevailing plum pudding model of thomson, the alpha particles should all have been deflected by, at most, a few degrees; measuring the pattern of scattered particles was expected to provide information about the distribution of charge within the atom.
However it was observed that a very small percentage of particles were deflected through angles much larger than 90 degrees. This led them to conclude that most of the space in
an atom was empty and the charge is concentrated at very tiny space.
Because most of the particles passed straight through the foil, some were slightly deflected and a few were bounced back.
The nucleus of an atom is composed of positively charged protons and uncharged neutrons. Therefore the nucleus is positively charged, and is equivalent to its atomic number found in the periodic table of the elements. For example, Hydrogen is +1, Oxygen +15. The total charge of the entire atom depends on both the number of protons and the number of electrons, which occur outside the nucleus.
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