Answer (1):
I apologize for my answer but physicists assume everything is round. It just makes the math easier.
Answer (2):
Saying that an object is round suggests that it can be observed (seen, touched, tasted... well maybe not tasted). Quantum theory describes the behavior of objects too small to be seen, even in principle. Unfortunately it is impossible to even imagine what an electron "looks" like. This fact does not stop us from attempting to imagine it, and what we produce in our mind's eye is an electron that looks like a sphere of charge, or an electron that looks like a cloud of fog distributed through space, or some other model of an electron which is in some way not entirely correct.
There is no reasonable alternative to quantum mechanics, at least not something that can even compare with the predictive power and experimental accuracy as quantum theory. If you want to make predictions about things happening at small scales you cannot do without quantum mechanics. Also note that certain models which are now considered as possible theories of everything (e.g. string theory) all expand upon quantum mechanics, they do not make quantum mechanics invalid or unnecessary.
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The merger of quantum mechanics with the special theory of relativity is commonly known as quantum field theory. According to this theory every particle of matter is just an excitation of a field that is everywhere in space. There is a different field for every different particle (this is not really true, but close enough). You might already be familiar with electromagnetism. In that theory (which has now been completely absorbed into quantum field theory) electric and magnetic forces are transmitted via photons. These photons are just excitations of the photon field. A photon has no mass, but all particles can be thought as as being excitations of fields. There is for example an electron field, but also a neutrino field and a muon field.
Max Planck and Quantum TheoryMax Planck 'discovered' Quantum theory in 1900.The theory basically describes energy being emitted in quanta each of which has an energy equal to hν, where h is the Planck constant (named after its discoverer) and ν is the frequency of the radiation.So all in all, this interaction between matter and radiation known as quantum mechanics.
Electrons are fermions and thus cannot occupy the same quantum states. They obey Fermi-Dirac statistics, and will occupy energy levels accordingly. This is different to the classica state where all electrons are pretty much equal (equal energies etc) and are not taken to be distrubuted amongst multiple states and energies. See Fermi Gas Model for a treatment of quantum free electron theory.
The study of microscopic stuff.
String theory is one of the leading candidates for a theory of everything, that is, a theory that unifies all 4 basic forces of nature, viz, gravity, the electromagnetic force, the strong force and the weak force. The last 3 forces mentioned above are described by quantum mechanics. This is the link between quantum mechanics and string theory. ps- If you believe in watertight definitions, then quantum mechanics is all the quantum theory till Dirac's equation. I'm taking quantum mechanics as the theory of the small as such, that is, all of the phenomena of the small from Plank till the standard model and beyond.
Not sure what you mean by "derive" quantum theory; that's along the lines of "deriving" gravity. In our Universe, quantum theory is the only one we've developed that matches experimental evidence. In all cases, quantum theory was developed mathematically simply because no other explanation existed that would match what occurs in our Universe. Whether we like it or not, whether we really understand it or not, we are in a Universe that obeys quantum theory.
There is no reasonable alternative to quantum mechanics, at least not something that can even compare with the predictive power and experimental accuracy as quantum theory. If you want to make predictions about things happening at small scales you cannot do without quantum mechanics. Also note that certain models which are now considered as possible theories of everything (e.g. string theory) all expand upon quantum mechanics, they do not make quantum mechanics invalid or unnecessary.
A quantum physicist is one who works on quantum physics. Quantum physics are concerned with the small particles of physics (ie: the nuon, gluon, quarks and string theory). These are sub-atomic particles (ie: they make up the bits that make up atoms [protons, neutrons, electrons]). String theory is a newer theory that says that all matter is ultimately made of oscillating strings of energy. A quantum physicist believes that their observations of the quatum world can explain all aspects of the larger world.
First of all, its Max Planck, and it was in 1900.
Atomic theory. And in much more weird detail: quantum physics.
The set theory is a branch of mathematics that studies collections of objects called sets. The set theory explains nearly all definitions of mathematical objects.
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The Geocentric Theory states that the Earth is the center of the universe, and that all other objects orbit around it. The Heliocentric Theory states that the Sun is the center of the universe, and all other objects orbit around it. Of course, the Heliocentric Theory is correct, since all astronomical objects orbit around the Sun.
Atomic theory. And in much more weird detail: quantum physics.
because if the heavy objects have a round bottom they will float