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Anatolia has had a large number of names across time. You may wish to be specific as to what timeframe you are referring to. The last name Turkey had prior to being called Turkey was the Ottoman Empire.
The Ottoman Empire controlled most of the eastern Mediterranean. It even conquered a small part of Greece. That was in the olden times.
Yes and No. The Crusaders saw Gothic architecture in territories that would eventually become Ottoman, but the Ottoman Empire did not exist during most of the Crusades and when it did, it was small and out of the way.
It Was Large
Africa and Asia, with a small element in Europe.
The Ottoman Empire collapsed and disintegrated after World War 1. Many parts of it became independent countries, or League of Nations Mandates governed by the victorious French or English. The relatively small remainder became Turkey.
The Ottoman state began as one of many small Turkish states that emerged in Asia Minor during the breakdown of the empire of the Seljuk Turks.
The Holy Roman Empire was dissolved by Napoleon, and became just a large number of small countries. In the years after the Napoleonic Wars ended, these countries came together in a confederacy called the Zollverein, or German Customs Union. This might be the best organization to call the replacement of the Holy Roman Empire.
Europe
I think it was part of the Ottoman Empire before it was balkinized into various small countries.
It was huge and controlled a large area. Created by the Turish tribes in Anatolia it became one of the most powerful states in the world during the 15 and 16 centuries. It lasted for more than 600 years and at its height it included southwestern Europe and the Middle East.
"Sick man of Europe" is a nickname that has been used to describe a European country experiencing a time of economic difficulty and/or impoverishment. The term was first used in the mid-19th century to describe the Ottoman Empire, but has since been applied at one time or another to nearly every other mid-to-large-sized country in Europe. At the moment it is Greece that holds the label.