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Eicosanoids come in two broad groups: the leukotrienes and the prostanoids, both of which are involved in signaling between cells. They are encountered frequently in the study of inflammation, and are commonly considered inflammatory mediators (ways for the cells of the immune system to signal where, when, and how inflammation should take place).

An example of a prostanoid is prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which plays a role in the sensitization of pain receptors during inflammation.

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