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Light travels in the direction it was emitted. Light cannot steer itself towards any particular object.
in simple terms yes it does effect how far an object travels but it depends how it is traveling what gravity its traveling in and so on.
If light travels through an object, it is still called light. If you want to specify, you might say "light travelling through an object".
No, the distance an object travels in unit time is called speed. The distance travelled per unit time in a specified direction is called velocity. The rate of change of velocity is called acceleration.
velocity
The velocity of the object.
direction
Velocity or Vector
Yes
Direction
No, speed is directionless.
Zero acceleration if it is traveling in a straight line. An object that is accelerating must either be changing its rate of speed or its direction.