factor of safety
Research design is a blueprint or panning for research work and research method is an action or tool to make the plan success,
working stress: in this a structure is designed by considering the stresses in its working condition..Limit state: In this the structure is designed by considering the stresses at different limit states. there are two limit states. ultimate limit state (situation in which structure collapse) and servicability limit state (situation in which cracks etc appears.)
research design is the blue print showing the structure of the research process, while research method is the means of gathering evidences for a particular research design.
Working stress method of design based on the elastic theory in which materials, concrete and steel are assumed to be stressed well below their elastic limit under the design loads. Working stressess (permissible stress) for the materials are determined by dividing the ultimate or yield stressess by suitable factor of safety values. Limit state method of design based on limit state concept, te structure shall be designed to withstand safely all loads liable to act on it throughout its life;It shall also satisfy the serviceability requirements, such as limitations on deflection and cracking. The acceptable limit for the safety and serviceability requirements before failure occurs is called a "limit state". The aim of design is to achieve acceptable probabilities that the structure will not become unfit for the use for which is intended, that is that it will not reach a limit state...
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