It is Military slang. It is usually used to refer to any time when the sun isn't up, usually between mid-night and 4 am or so. Most operations start at Oh dark thirty, much earlier than a normal 'person' would think civilized.
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0-Dark-30 is 30 minutes before sunrise.
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0-dark-30 refers to a time (any time really) where the sun isn't up, but you are(and you're probably working). It doesn't mean military, but generally this is when Military members have a lot of work, so it applies well to them.