This article is about the year 1000. For other uses, see
1000
(number).
| 1000 by topic |
| Politics |
| State leaders - Sovereign states |
| Birth and death categories |
| Births - Deaths |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
| Establishments - Disestablishments |
The year 1000 of the Gregorian Calendar was the last year of the
10th century as well as the last year of the first
millennium. AD 1000 was a leap year
starting on Monday.
Overview
China
In what is today China, the Song Dynasty remained the world's most populous empire and
continued to thrive under Emperor Zhenzong of Song China. By the late 11th
century, the Song Dynasty had a total population of some 101 million people, an average annual iron output of 125,000 tons produced a year, and bolstered its enormous economy with the world's first known paper-printed
money.
Europe
Speculation that the world would end in the year 1000 was confined largely to Christian monks in France,[1] as most clerks at the time used regnal
years — i.e. the fourth year of the reign of Robert II of France, etc. The
use of the Dionysian "anno domini"
calendar era was confined to the Venerable Bede and other
chroniclers of universal history.
Western Europe began to cross over from the Early Middle Ages into the
High Middle Ages beginning around 1000, as marked by numerous distinct changes in
Western European life: the rise of the medieval communes, the reawakening of widespread
city life, the appearance of the burgher class, the revival of long-distance trade that
reconnected Europe with the Mediterranean world, the founding of the first European
universities, the rediscovery of Roman law, and the beginnings of vernacular
literature, to name a few. The papacy at this time remained firmly under the control of Holy Roman Emperor Otto III — the self-proclaimed "Emperor of the World".
In Eastern Europe, the Byzantine Empire continued to thrive during its Golden Age in
what is today primarily Greece and Turkey. Constantinople, with a population of about 300,000, dwarfed the Western cities of Rome
and Paris, which at this time had populations of about 35,000 and 20,000, respectively.
The Viking Age continued in eastern and western Europe much as it had for the previous two
centuries, with Viking trade, raids, and culture influencing much of European life. It was in the year 1000 that Leif Ericsson landed in what is today Newfoundland, naming
it Vinland.
Islamic world
The Islamic world was experiencing a Golden
Age around the year 1000 and continued to flourish under the Arab Empire (including
the Ummayad, Abbasid and Fatimid caliphates), which included what is now the Middle East, North Africa, Central
Asia and Iberian Peninsula. By 1000, Muslim traders and explorers had
established a global economy across the Old World
leading to a Muslim Agricultural Revolution, establishing the Arab Empire as the
world's leading extensive economic power.
The scientific achievements of the Islamic
civilization also reaches its zenith during this time, with the emergence of the first experimental scientists and the scientific method, which would form the basis of modern science.
Most of the leading scientists around the year 1000 were Muslim scientists, including
Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen), Abu Rayhan
al-Biruni, Avicenna, Abu al-Qasim
(Abulcasis), Ibn Yunus, Abu Sahl al-Quhi (Kuhi),
Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi, Abu Nasr Mansur,
Abu al-Wafa, Ahmad ibn Fadlan,
Al-Muqaddasi, Ali Ibn Isa, and al-Karaji (al-Karkhi), among others.
In particular, Ibn al-Haytham, Avicenna,
Abu Rayhan al-Biruni, and Abu
al-Qasim, who all flourished around the year 1000, are considered among the greatest scientists in history.
Events
By Place
Africa
Americas
Asia
Europe
- September 9 — Battle of Svolder, Notable
naval battle of the Viking Age.
- December 25 — The foundation of the Hungarian
state, Hungary is established as a Christian kingdom
by Stephen I of Hungary.
- Stephen I becomes King of Hungary.
- Sancho III of Navarre becomes King of Aragon, Navarre.
- Sweyn I establishes Danish control over part of
Norway.
- Oslo, Norway is founded. (The exact year is debatable, but the
1000 year anniversary was held in year 2000.)
- Emperor Otto III makes pilgrimage from
Rome to Aachen and Gniezno
(Gnesen), stopping at Regensburg, Meissen, Magdeburg, and Gniezno.
Congress of Gniezno (with Boleslaw I
Chrobry) was part of pilgrimage. In Rome, he builds the
basilica of San Bartolomeo all'Isola, to host the relics of St.
Bartholomew.
- Château de Goulaine vineyard founded in France.
By Topic
Religion
Science and Technology
- Scientific achievements in the Islamic
civilization reaches its zenith, with the emergence of the first experimental
scientists and the scientific method, which would
form the basis of modern science.
- Iraqi Muslim polymath and
scientist, Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen), who is considered the father of optics, the pioneer of the scientific method, and the "first
scientist", moves to Egypt, where he invents the
camera obscura, and writes his influential Book of
Optics, which introduces the scientific method, and drastically transforms
the understanding of light, optics, vision, and science in general.
- Persian Muslim polymath and scientist, Abu
Rayhan al-Biruni, who is considered the father of geodesy and the "first anthropologist", writes books on many different topics, and rejects many theories which cannot be verified
through experimentation.
- Persian Muslim scientist and physician, Avicenna, who is considered the father of
momentum, publishes The Canon of
Medicine, an influential book which maintains that medicine should be known through either experimentation or reasoning. He also publishes The Book of Healing, where he hypothesizes two causes of mountains: "Either they are the effects of upheavals of the crust of the earth, or they are the effect of
water, which, cutting itself a new route, has denuded the valleys."
- Arab Andalusian Muslim
physician, Abu al-Qasim (Abulcasis), the "father of modern
surgery", publishes his influential 30-volume medical encyclopedia, the Al-Tasrif, which remains a standard textbook in the Islamic
world and medieval Europe for centuries.
- Arab Egyptian Muslim mathematician and
astronomer, Ibn Yunus, publishes his astronomical
treatise Al-Zij al-Hakimi al-Kabir, and invents the pendulum.
- Persian Muslim physicist and mathematician, Abu Sahl al-Quhi (Kuhi), discovers that
the heaviness of bodies vary with their distance from the center of the Earth, and solves equations higher than the
second degree.
- Persian Muslim astronomer and mathematician, Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi, invents
the sextant and first states a special case of Fermat's
last theorem.
- Law of sines is discovered by Muslim
mathematicians, but it is uncertain who discovers it first between Abu-Mahmud
al-Khujandi, Abu Nasr Mansur, and Abu
al-Wafa.
- Bell foundry is founded in Italy by Fonderia Pontificia Marinelli
- Gunpowder is invented in China.
World Population
Births
Deaths
- September 9 — Olaf I of Norway, killed at the
Battle of Svold (b. 969).
- Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi, Persian
astronomer and mathematician.
- Abu Sahl al-Quhi (Kuhi), Persian
physicist, mathematician and astronomer.
- Ahmad ibn Fadlan, Arab writer and traveller.
- Al-Muqaddasi, Arab geographer and social scientist.
- Elfrida, second wife of Edgar of England.
- Garcia IV of Pamplona.
- Tlilcoatzin, Toltec ruler (approximate date).
- Topiltzin, Toltec ruler.
- David III of Tao, murdered by his nobles.
- Huyan Zan, Chinese general.
- Hrosvit, Saxon nun.
See also
Further reading
- Robert Lacey and Danny Danziger The Year 1000: What Life Was Like at the Turn of the First Millennium (1999) ISBN
0-316-55840-0
- John Man Atlas of the Year 1000 (1999) ISBN 0-14-051419-8
References
- ^ Cantor, 1993 Europe in 1050 p. 235.
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