1054
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The grand prince of Kiev Jaroslav I (the Wise) dies February 2 at age 73 after a 35-year reign in which he has built Kiev's Golden Gate and Cathedral of St. Sophia while cementing alliances through the marriages of his daughters Elizabeth, Anna, and Anastasia to Norway's Harald III, France's Henri I, and Hungary's András I, respectively. Hoping to avoid a power struggle that would dismember his empire, he has left a will enjoining his four younger sons to obey his eldest, Izyaslav, but civil war begins as the five sons vie for control and Kiev will never again reach its predominance and splendor (see 1067).
Scotland's Macbeth meets with defeat at Dunsinane July 27 at the hands of Malcolm Canmore, son of the late king Duncan (see 1040). Malcolm enjoys the support of Siward the Strong, Danish earl of Northumbria, who has invaded Scotland to support his kinsman, but they do not succeed in deposing Macbeth (see 1057).
France's Henri I invades Normandy and is defeated at Mortemer.
Boniface of Canossa's widow, Beatrice, marries Godfrey, duke of Upper Lorraine, who opposes the Holy Roman Emperor Heinrich III (see 1052; 1055).
The Battle of Atapuerca in Castile September 1 ends in the death after a 19-year reign of Navarre's García III (or IV), who has resisted efforts by Castile's Ferdinand I to recover territories.
A minor star in the constellation Taurus explodes July 5 in a supernova that is visible by daylight for 23 days and remains visible at night for another 633 days, an event recorded by pictographs in China and in the Western Hemisphere. Astronomers will call the irregular gas cloud created by the supernova the crab nebula.
Pope Leo IX gains release from Norman imprisonment at the end of March and is escorted as far as Capua, north of Naples, by Humphrey de Hauteville (see 1053). He dies at Rome April 19 at age 51 after a 5-year reign in which he has asserted papal primacy, and he leaves a bull excommunicating the patriarch of Constantinople Michael I Cerularius and his followers. The year 1054 will be cited in 1445 as the year the Eastern (Orthodox) and Western (Roman) Churches broke irreparably apart, but they have only occasionally been united. The papal throne will be vacant until next year.
1051 1052 1053 1054 1055 1056 1057 1058 1059 1060
Houghton Mifflin Guide to Science & Technology:
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In the year 1054
Astronomy
The supernova that now forms the Crab nebula is observed in China, Japan, and the Arab lands; it is visible for 22 months. See also 1006 Astronomy; 1754 Astronomy.
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This article is about the year 1054.
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | 10th century – 11th century – 12th century |
| Decades: | 1020s 1030s 1040s – 1050s – 1060s 1070s 1080s |
| Years: | 1051 1052 1053 – 1054 – 1055 1056 1057 |
| 1054 by topic | |
| Lists of leaders | |
| State leaders | |
| Birth and death categories | |
| Births – Deaths | |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories | |
| Establishments – Disestablishments | |
| Gregorian calendar | 1054 MLIV |
| Ab urbe condita | 1807 |
| Armenian calendar | 503 ԹՎ ՇԳ |
| Assyrian calendar | 5804 |
| Bahá'í calendar | -790–-789 |
| Bengali calendar | 461 |
| Berber calendar | 2004 |
| English Regnal year | N/A |
| Buddhist calendar | 1598 |
| Burmese calendar | 416 |
| Byzantine calendar | 6562–6563 |
| Chinese calendar | 癸巳年十一月二十日 (3690/3750-11-20) — to —
甲午年十一月三十日(3691/3751-11-30) |
| Coptic calendar | 770–771 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1046–1047 |
| Hebrew calendar | 4814–4815 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1110–1111 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 976–977 |
| - Kali Yuga | 4155–4156 |
| Holocene calendar | 11054 |
| Iranian calendar | 432–433 |
| Islamic calendar | 445–446 |
| Japanese calendar | |
| Julian calendar | 1054 MLIV |
| Korean calendar | 3387 |
| Minguo calendar | 858 before ROC 民前858年 |
| Thai solar calendar | 1597 |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: 1054 |
Year 1054 (MLIV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
- Chinese astronomers observe a supernova in the Taurus Nebula [1]
- February – Battle of Mortemer: The Normans defeat a French army as it is caught pillaging and plundering. King Henry I of France withdraws his main army from Normandy as a result.
- April 30 – Rosdalla, Kilbeggan Ireland: Earliest known European tornado.
- July 4 – The SN 1054 supernova is recorded by the Chinese, Arab and possibly Native Americans near the star ζ Tauri. For 23 days it remains bright enough to be seen in daylight. Its remnants form the Crab Nebula (NGC 1952).[2]
- July 16 – Cardinal Humbertus, a representative of Pope Leo IX, and Michael Cerularius, Patriarch of Constantinople, decree each other's excommunication. Most historians look to this act as the final step in the initiation of the Great Schism between the Roman Catholic and Orthodox Christian Churches. In 1965, those excommunications are rescinded by Pope Paul VI and Patriarch Athenagoras when they meet in the Second Vatican Council. However, to this day each church claims to be the One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church and each denies the other's right to that name. (See East-West Schism)
- July 27 – Siward, Earl of Northumbria invades Scotland to support Malcolm Canmore against Macbeth, who usurped the Scottish throne from Malcolm's father, King Duncan. Macbeth is defeated at Dunsinane.
- Lý Nhật Tôn, third king of the Lý Dynasty, begins to rule in Vietnam and changes the country's official name to Đại Việt.
Births
Deaths
- April 19 – Pope Leo IX (b. 1002)
- September 24 – Hermannus Contractus
- Yaroslav the Wise, prince of Kievan Rus
References
- ^ http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_567.html
- ^ Journal of Astronomy, part 9, chapter 56 of Sung History (Sung Shih) first printing, 1340. facsimile on the frontispiece of Misner, Thorne, Wheeler Gravitation, 1973.
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Gale World Chronology
People's Chronology. Copyright © 2005 by The Gale Group, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Houghton Mifflin Guide to Science & Technology
History of Science and Technology, edited by Bryan Bunch and Alexander Hellemans. Copyright © 2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
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