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Contents: political eventseducation food and drink |
French forces leave England following defeats at Lincoln and Sandwich (see 1216). William Marshal, 1st earl of Pembroke, has fought the invaders and concludes a treaty in September with the dauphin Louis granting amnesty to the rebellious barons who invited the French to intervene.
Norway's late Erik X Cnutsson is succeeded by the illegitimate son of the late Haakon Ill Sveresson, who ruled briefly from 1202 to 1204. Now 13, the new king will reign until 1263 as Haakon IV Haakonsson, initially with Earl Skule as regent.
Pope Honorius III grants the title king to the Serbian grand chieftain Stefan, who has ruled since his father's death in 1196 and will be known as Stefan Provencani ("The First Crowned"). Stefan's younger brother Rastko will become the first archbishop of an independent Serbian Orthodox Church in 1219, and the Nemanja dynasty will rule until the middle of the next century, retaining a close connection with the Church (see 1322).
Raymond VI, comte de Toulouse, crosses the Garonne with a small party of horsemen September 13 and occupies Toulouse with help from his Aragonese in-laws, defying Simon de Montfort's right to take his lands and title as decreed 2 years ago by the Fourth Lateran Council. The citizenry welcomes Raymond with open arms; Montfort arrives with an army just north of the city October 8 but is unable to breach the Toulousain defenses and begins a siege (see 1218).
Castile's Ferdinand III is declared of age at 18 and will reign until 1252, ending the dynastic wars that have plagued the country and achieving successes against the Moors. As peace returns, there will be a renewal of Spanish agriculture, which has been disrupted.
Portugal's Afonso o Gordo defeats a Moorish army at Alcacer do Sal.
Salamanca University has its beginnings in a school founded by Alfonso IX of León.
Vienna's bakers pay homage to Duke Leopold VI, who is about to leave on a crusade against the Moors in Egypt and the Holy Land. They offer him rolls baked in the shape of crescents (see 340 B.C.; 1683).
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