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Contents: political eventsreligion crime |
The Holy Roman Emperor Otto IV dies at Hartzburg Castle in Lower Saxony May 19 at age 36, leaving the Hohenstaufen king Friedrich II undisputed ruler of the Germans.
The Peace of Worcester ends hostilities between the Welsh and William Marshal, earl of Pembroke and regent for England's Henry III.
Bulgaria's czar Ivan Asen I dies and is succeeded by his son, who will reign until 1241 as Ivan Asen II. Ruling from Turnovo, he will bring his empire to its zenith, ruling over Albania, Epirus, Macedonia, and western Thrace.
Genghis Khan's Mongol army conquers Persia, crushing all resistance and laying waste the countryside.
The Norman crusader Simon de Montfort, comte de Toulouse, is killed in the siege of Toulouse June 25 at age 52 (approximate), having implemented his army with thousands of noblemen from England, Ile de France, Normandy, and Picardy. He is survived by four sons—Amaury, Simon (whose Anglo-Norman grandparents left their son the county of Leicester and who will become earl of Leicester, see 1238), Guy de Bigorre (who will die in 1220), and Robert (who will die in 1226). Amaury succeeds to his father's titles in Languedoc and will survive until 1241, but he will be defeated in battle, abandon the Albigensian Crusade, and cede the family's lands in southern France to Louis VIII in 1226, receiving in compensation the office of constable of France (in 1231).
Pope Honorius III preaches a Fifth Crusade at the Fourth Lateran Council as the sultan Malik-al-Adil is succeeded late in the year by Malik-al-Kamil. The king of Jerusalem Jean de Brienne is supplanted as leader of the crusade by the papal legate Pelagius.
Newgate Prison is completed at London. It will be a debtors' prison for more than 560 years (see 1782).
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