1220

1211 1212 1213 1214 1215 1216 1217 1218 1219 1220

political events

Pomerania's prince Mestwin I dies May 1, having sworn an oath of allegiance to the king of Denmark. He leaves four sons, the oldest of whom becomes duke of Pomerellen and will rule until 1266 as Swantopolik.

The German king Friedrich II sets out for Rome in August. He reconciles Rome's rebellious families with Pope Honorius III, promising the pope that he will undertake a new crusade; Honorious crowns him Holy Roman Emperor on November 22, and gives him permission to keep the Holy Roman Empire and Sicily united, but Friedrich becomes involved in restoring order in Sicily, using cruel measures to suppress the country's anarchy, and he will find one reason after another to postpone the crusade (see 1225).

Genghis Khan plunders Samarkand in his westward march along the fabled Silk Road. Its inhabitants are driven out of the city and beheaded; the city itself is destroyed.

music

The Dresden Boys' Choir is founded at the Kreuz-Kirche.

architecture, real estate

Geneva's St. Peter's Cathedral is completed atop the city's highest hill after 60 years of construction in Roman and Gothic styles (see Calvin, 1541).

1211 1212 1213 1214 1215 1216 1217 1218 1219 1220

Construction

The vault of the present cathedral at Chartres is completed. See also 1194 Construction; 1240 Construction.

The Dictionary of Jean de Garlande [b. 1190, d. 1255] mentions techniques for producing silk thread. See also 500 ce Materials; 1221 Tools.

The Arithmetica of Jordanus Nemorarius (a.k.a. Jordanus de Nemore) [most likely b. Borgentreich (Germany), c. 1190, d. at sea, 1260 (some sources say February 13, 1237)], written about this time, uses letters as variables, instead of generalizing from specific numerical cases. Other mathematical works include Algorismus demonstratus ("algorithm demonstrated") and De numeris datis ("on given numbers"), collections of rules for solving problems. See also 1209 Mathematics.

Fibonacci publishes Practica geometriae which re-introduces Euclid's geometry and Greek trigonometry. See also 1202 Mathematics; 1225 Mathematics.

Robert Grosseteste writes De iride seu de iride et speculo ("what the rainbow is and why"). He is the first scholar since unidentified authors of Hellenic times to recognize correctly that refraction of light is the principal cause of the rainbow and that reflection of light also contributes to its formation. Although he experiments with mirrors and lenses, his work is still highly speculative, lacking the experimental and mathematical verification of later scientists. See also 530 bce Physics; 1304 Physics.

Jordanus's Elementa super demonstrationem ponderis ("elements for the demonstration of weights") contains an early form of the principle of virtual displacements applied to the lever. He also describes in De ratione ponderis several simple machines, such as inclined planes and levers, and gives the first mathematical proof for the law of the inclined plane. See also 880 Physics; 1586 Physics.

A window at Chartres Cathedral shows the earliest known Western wheelbarrow. See also 1 ce Transportation.

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Years: 1217 1218 1219 – 1220 – 1221 1222 1223

Decades: 1190s 1200s 1210s – 1220s – 1230s 1240s 1250s

Centuries: 12th century – 13th century – 14th century

1220 by topic

Politics

State leaders – Sovereign states

Birth and death categories

Births – Deaths

Establishments and disestablishments categories

Establishments – Disestablishments v • d • e

Art and literature

1220 in poetry v • d • e

1220 in other calendars

Gregorian calendar	1220 MCCXX
Ab urbe condita	1973
Armenian calendar	669 ԹՎ ՈԿԹ
Bahá'í calendar	-624 – -623
Berber calendar	2170
Buddhist calendar	1764
Burmese calendar	582
Byzantine calendar	6728 – 6729
Chinese calendar	己卯年十一月廿四日 (3856/3916-11-24) — to — 庚辰年十二月初五日 (3857/3917-12-5)
Coptic calendar	936 – 937
Ethiopian calendar	1212 – 1213
Hebrew calendar	4980 – 4981
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1275 – 1276
- Shaka Samvat	1142 – 1143
- Kali Yuga	4321 – 4322
Holocene calendar	11220
Iranian calendar	598 – 599
Islamic calendar	616 – 617
Japanese calendar
Korean calendar	3553
Thai solar calendar	1763
v • d • e

Contents 1 Events 2 Architecture 3 Births 4 Deaths 5 Office holders 6 Ongoing events

Events

• May – St. Francis of Assisi resigns from the leadership of the Franciscan Order.
• August 8 – Battle of Lihula: The Estonians defeat the invading Swedes.
• November 22 – Frederick II is crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Honorius III.
• The Mongols first invade the Abbasid Caliphate; Bukhara and Samarkand are taken.
• The Kara-Khitan Khanate is destroyed by Genghis Khan's Mongolian cavalry.
• The Dominican Order is approved by Pope Honorius III.
• Conrad of Masovia drives out the heathen Prussians from a Masovian territory of Chelmno Land.
• Trial by ordeal is abolished in England.
• The German Hohenstaufen dynasty, which had ruled Sicily since 1194, adopts Palermo as its principal seat.
• Dordrecht receives city rights, making it the oldest city in the present-day Netherlands.
• Ljubljana receives its town rights.
• The Islamic lands of Central Asia are overrun by the armies of the Mongol invader Genghis Khan (ca. 1155–1227), who lays waste to many civilizations and creates an empire that stretches from China to the Caspian Sea. However, he fails to destroy the strength of Islam in Central Asia.
• The Thai Kingdom of Sukhothai is established.
• St Benedict of Nursia was Canonized by the Roman Catholic Church.

Architecture

• Gothic architecture becomes increasingly popular in Europe.
• The rebuilding of the Cathedral of Chartres, which had been destroyed by a fire in 1194, is completed.
• Rebuilding of the York Minster begins.
• Building of the Salisbury Cathedral begins.
• Rebuilding of the city of London begins

Births

• April 1 – Emperor Go-Saga of Japan (d. 1272)
• November 11 – Alphonse of Toulouse, son of Louis VIII of France (d. 1271)
• Thomas Ercildoun, Scottish minstrel (d. 1297)
• Alexander Nevsky, Grand Prince of Novgorod and Vladimir
• Przemysł I of Poland (d. 1257)
• Yaroslav of Russia, Grand Duke of Vladimir
• Walter de Burgh, 1st Earl of Ulster (d. 1271)

Deaths

• February 17 – Theobald I, Duke of Lorraine
• April 15 – Adolf of Altena, Archbishop of Cologne
• Michael Choniates, Byzantine writer and ecclesiastic
• Farid od-Din Mohammad ebn Ebrahim 'Attar, Persian mystical poet
• Saxo Grammaticus, Danish historian (b. 1150)
• Henry de Bohun, 1st Earl of Hereford (b. 1176)
• Mestwin I of Pomerania
• Queen Urraca of Portugal, spouse of King Afonso II of Portugal (b. 1186)

Office holders

• List of state leaders in 1220
• List of religious leaders in 1220

Ongoing events

• Middle Ages in Europe
• Fifth Crusade (1217–1221)

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