1378
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Contents: political eventscommerce religion food and drink |
Richard Fitzalen, 11th earl of Arundel, attacks Harfleur at Whitsun, meets with strong resistance, and retreats with his ships. He and John of Gaunt then fail in an attack on St. Malo in Brittany, retiring once again with their ships.
Genoa and Venice go to war as the Genoese admiral Pietro Doria takes the port of Chioggia and threatens Venice itself. Venice dispatches its admiral Carlo Zeno, 44, north to defend Treviso, but a Genoese fleet defeats a Venetian fleet across the Adriatic at Pola (see 1380).
Mercenary Sir John Hawkwood quarrels with Milan's tyrant Bernabo Visconti and reenters the service of Florence, whose authorities will pay him 130,000 gold florins until 1382 (see 1377). He will engage in a brief campaign in Naples in 1383 and fight for the marquis of Padua against Verona in 1386 (see 1388).
Pavia's Galeazzo Visconti II dies at age 58, survived by his only son Gian Galeazzo, 26, who will soon take as his second wife his nubile cousin Caterina, daughter of his hated uncle Bernabo of Milan (see 1385).
France's Charles V hears of plots against him by Charles II (the Bad) of Navarre and strips him of all his French lands except for Cherbourg on the Channel coast. He makes a final attempt in December to take Brittany away from its duke Jean IV de Montfort, does not succeed, tries Jean in absentia for treason, has his title declared null, and announces the duchy's union with the crown.
A Muscovite army repulses a Tatar attack on the Vozha River south of Moscow (see 1380).
The Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV divides his lands among his three sons and dies at his native Prague November 29 at age 62 and is buried in St. Vitus's Cathedral, whose foundation stone he laid on the Hradcany Hill. He obtained the margravate of Brandenburg 5 years ago for his son Wenceslas, now 17, who turns Brandenburg over to his 10-year-old half-brother Sigismund. Wenceslas succeeds Charles and will reign until 1400 as the emperor Wenceslas.
The Ciompi revolt at Florence is a rebellion of cloth workers that manufacturers and merchants are able to suppress only by forming an alliance that includes artisans. Unrest has followed in the wake of the Black Death, and the economy remains depressed.
A Great Schism that will divide the Catholic Church for 39 years and bring society's highest authority into disrepute begins as Naples-born Bartolommeo Cardinal Prignano, 60, wins election as pope April 8 to succeed Gregory XI, who has died at Rome March 27 at age 46 after 6-year reign in which he has tried without success to reconcile the kings of England and France but has succeeded in pacifying Castile, Aragon, Navarre, Sicily, and Naples and made efforts to reunify the Greek and Latin Churches. The election appeases Roman cardinals, who have resented the French domination of the papacy at Avignon since 1309, the new pope will reign until 1389 as Urban VI, but he announces that he will reform the Church beginning with the sacred college of cardinals, and the French clergy fear that they will lose power and influence. Thirteen cardinals meet at Anagni in September and declare Urban's election to be invalid since "it was not made freely but under fear." They convene at Fondi September 20 to elect the French cardinal Robert of Geneva, now 36, as Clement VII (see 1377). He gains support by year's end from France's Charles V, and he will soon have the backing of Aragon, Castile, Navarre, Portugal, Savoy, and Scotland, while England, Bohemia, the Holy Roman Empire, Poland, Hungary, Flanders, and much of Italy will support Urban VI (see 1379).
A London ordinance fixes the price to be charged by cooks and pastellers (pie bakers) for "the best capon baked in pastry" at 8 pence.
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