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1712

 

1711 1712 1713 1714 1715 1716 1717 1718 1719 1720

Contents:

political events
human rights, social justice
exploration, colonization
science
literature
everyday life
crime
architecture, real estate
marine resources
food and drink

political events

French forces under the duc de Villars defeat British and Dutch forces commanded by Arnold Joost van Keppel, 41, earl of Albemarle, at Denain July 24. The French recapture Douai, Le Quesnoy, and Bouchain; they sack the Caribbean island of Montserrat; and the Congress of Utrecht opens to resolve the War of the Spanish Succession (see 1713).

Former British statesman Thomas Osborne, 1st duke of Leeds, dies at Easton Neston, Northamptonshire, July 26 at age 80, having long since lost any political influence.

Bernese forces triumph July 25 at Villmergen in a second Swiss war between Catholics and Protestants. The victory establishes the dominance of the Protestant cantons.

The Russian czarevich Alexius Petrovich infuriates his father Peter the Great by disabling his own right hand with a pistol shot. Peter has taken him on a tour of inspection in Finland, sent him to see to the building of new ships at Staraya Rusya, and ordered him to draw something of a technical nature to show his progress in mechanics and mathematics (see 1716).

The Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah I dies at Lahore February 27 at age 68 after a 4½-year reign in which he has driven the Sikhs into the Punjabi hills and subdued their leader Banda Singh Bahadur.

The Japanese Tokugawa shōgun Ienobu dies at age 50 after a 3-year reign. He is succeeded by his 3-year-old son, who will reign until 1716 as Ietsugu.

The Ashanti king Osei Tutu in West Africa is killed in an ambush after a reign in which he has used war and diplomacy to create a formidable power (see 1800).

human rights, social justice

American colonists attack Tuscarora tribespeople January 28 in what will be remembered as the Tuscarora War.

Pennsylvania forbids further importation of slaves.

exploration, colonization

North Carolina and South Carolina are created by a division of the Carolina colony founded in 1663.

New York's royal governor Robert Hunter tells the Palatine refugees that the ministry at London has lost interest in their welfare, that his own funds have become exhausted, and that they must hereafter fend for themselves (see 1711). The Germans will settle in central New York and Pennsylvania.

Colonist William Penn, now 67, suffers a massive stroke and is rendered virtually helpless. His second wife, Hannah Callowhill Penn, 41, bribes officials to look the other way while she guides Penn's hand in signing colonial documents; she was 4 months pregnant with their second child (they have had eight) when she left England with him for a 3-month voyage to the New World in 1699 (see 1718).

Voyage Round the World by Woodes Rogers is an account of the navigator-privateers adventures (see 1711). Rogers will serve as governor of the Bahamas from 1718 to 1729 and again from 1729 to 1732, suppressing piracy, resisting Spanish attacks, and establishing a house of assembly.

science

French naturalist René-Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur, 29, describes the ability of a crayfish to grow new claws (see steel, 1722; digestion, 1752).

Botanist-physician-microscopist Nehemiah Grew dies at London March 25 at age 70; astronomer Giovanni Domenico (Jean-Dominique) Cassini at Paris September 14 at age 87. His son Jacques, 35, succeeds him as head of the Paris Observatoire and by 1718 will have completed the measurement of the arc of the meridian (longitude line) between Dunkerque and Perpignan (see 1720).

literature

Fiction: The first of five pamphlets by Scottish-born London mathematician-physician John Arbuthnot, 45, satirizes the duke of Marlborough and introduces the name "John Bull" as a symbol of England. The pamphlets will be published collectively in 1727 under the title, Law is a Bottom-less Pit; or, The History of John Bull.

Poetry: The Rape of the Lock by Alexander Pope is a mock-heroic poem describing a day at Hampton Court, where Queen Anne does "sometimes counsel take—and sometimes tea."

everyday life

Lady Mary Pierrepont resists her father's pressures to marry Clotworthy Skeffington, a rich but dull Irish nobleman 8 years her senior, and elopes in late August with the more learned (but insensitive) Edward Wortley Montagu (see 1710). Her father has spent £400 on her wedding outfit and gives her no dowry.

crime

Scotland's clan Macgregor chief Rob Roy fails to repay money that he has borrowed from James Graham, 1st duke of Montrose, to carry on his business as cattle dealer (see 1693). Now 41, Rob Roy has taken the name Campbell and played the Argylls off against the Montroses, but the duke evicts him from his lands and declares him an outlaw; Rob Roy supports himself by depredations on the duke and his tenants, and he foils all efforts to capture him (see Sheriffmuir, 1715).

architecture, real estate

Vienna's Trautson Palace is completed by J. B. Fischer von Erlach after 3 years of construction.

marine resources

Nantucket whaling captain Christopher Hussey harpoons a sperm whale from an open boat, probably the first such whale to be killed by man since Phoenician times. Physeter catodon has an oil content averaging 65 to 80 barrels—far more than other whales—and Hussey's kill initiates a new era in whaling (see 1690). Spermaceti from the sperm whale will be used to make millions of wax candles, its teeth are fine-grained ivory, its skin is high in glycerin, and it is the only whale that produces ambergris, valuable as a perfume fixative.

food and drink

French missionary Père d'Entrecolles sends home the first accurate description of how the Chinese make porcelain using the white clay called kaolin, which has been found on a ridge near Beijing (Peking) called kao-ling (the word means "high ridge") (see technology, 621; 1709; 1754).

1711 1712 1713 1714 1715 1716 1717 1718 1719 1720


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Astronomy

John Flamsteed's first volume of his star catalog, Historia coelestis Britannica, published without the author's permission, catalogs the position of nearly 3000 stars and replaces Kepler's catalog. An official, three-volume edition appears posthumously in 1725. See also 1679 Astronomy; 1725 Astronomy.

Energy

Thomas Newcomen [b. Dartmouth, England, February 24, 1663, d. London, August 5, 1729], in collaboration with Thomas Savery, erects near Dudley Castle the first practical steam engine to use a piston and cylinder, bringing the engine out of the laboratory and into the workplace for the first time. It drives a pump in a mine and produces about 5.5 hp. See also 1707 Energy; 1723 Energy.

Mathematics

Giovanni Ceva's De re numeraria ("concerning money matters") is the first clear application of mathematics to economics.

Brook Taylor [b. Edmonton, Middlesex, England, August 19, 1685, d. London, December 29, 1731], in a letter, describes the Taylor expansion for the first time. This is a method of expressing a polynomial as an infinite series based on the successive derivatives of the function. See also 1715 Mathematics.


Diaries, Journals, and Letters

  • William Byrd (1674-1744): The Secret Diary. The Virginia planter and colonial government official completes his first diary, covering the years 1709 to 1712 and detailing day-to-day activities among the Virginia planter class. Topics range from prayers to diet, family affairs, exercise, and even sexual intercourse.
  • Cotton Mather: Curiosa Americana. Mather collects his scientific letters to the Royal Society reporting on "all New and Rare Occurences of Nature, in these parts of the World."

Poetry, Fiction, and Drama

  • Anthony Aston (c. 1682-c. 1753): Pastora. Originally published in 1709 as The Coy Shepherdess, this play is a pastoral composed in rhyming couplets about the comical situations of three groups of lovers. The play--only twenty pages long--is one of the author's most important works, displaying his biting humor and optimistic view of life. Aston is sometimes referred to as the "first professional actor in America," and his impoverished life of travel anticipates the lot of itinerant performers of the 1700s.

Sermons and Religious Writing

  • Samuel Cheever (1639-1724): "Gods Sovereign Government." An election sermon delivered with Governor Joseph Dudley in attendance. Cheever insists on God's preeminence over government leaders, which is a prominent theme in election sermons of the day as government officials gradually distance themselves from church influence.

Millennium: 2nd millennium
Centuries: 17th century18th century19th century
Decades: 1680s  1690s  1700s  – 1710s –  1720s  1730s  1740s
Years: 1709 1710 171117121713 1714 1715
1712 by topic:
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1712 in other calendars
Gregorian calendar 1712
MDCCXII
Ab urbe condita 2465
Armenian calendar 1161
ԹՎ ՌՃԿԱ
Assyrian calendar 6462
Bahá'í calendar -132–-131
Bengali calendar 1119
Berber calendar 2662
British Regnal year 10 Ann. 1 – 11 Ann. 1
Buddhist calendar 2256
Burmese calendar 1074
Byzantine calendar 7220–7221
Chinese calendar 辛卯年十一月廿三日
(4348/4408-11-23)
— to —
壬辰年十二月初四日
(4349/4409-12-4)
Coptic calendar 1428–1429
Ethiopian calendar 1704–1705
Hebrew calendar 5472–5473
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat 1768–1769
 - Shaka Samvat 1634–1635
 - Kali Yuga 4813–4814
Holocene calendar 11712
Iranian calendar 1090–1091
Islamic calendar 1123–1124
Japanese calendar Shōtoku 2
(正徳2年)
Korean calendar 4045
Minguo calendar 200 before ROC
民前200年
Thai solar calendar 2255


Year 1712 (MDCCXII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Tuesday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar. In the Swedish calendar it began as a leap year starting on Monday and remained so until Thursday, February 29. By adding a second leap day (Friday, February 30) Sweden reverted to the Julian calendar and the rest of the year (from Saturday, March 1) was in sync with the Julian calendar. Sweden finally made the switch from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar in 1753.

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References

  1. ^ Rolt, L. T. C.; Allen, J. S. (1977). "The First Newcomen Engines c1710-15". The Steam Engine of Thomas Newcomen (new ed.). Hartington: Moorland. pp. 44–57. ISBN 0-903485-42-7. 

 
 
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$copyright.smallImage.alttext Gale World Chronology. People's Chronology. Copyright © 2005 by The Gale Group, Inc. All rights reserved.  Read more
Houghton Mifflin Guide to Science & Technology. History of Science and Technology, edited by Bryan Bunch and Alexander Hellemans. Copyright © 2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.  Read more
Houghton Mifflin Chronology of US Literature. The Chronology of American Literature, edited by Daniel S. Burt. Copyright © 2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.  Read more
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