1714

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1711 1712 1713 1714 1715 1716 1717 1718 1719 1720

Contents:

political events
commerce
transportation
technology
science
medicine
religion
literature
theater, film
music

political events

Maria Luisa of Savoy, queen of Spain's Felipe V, dies in February. The French noblewoman Marie-Anne de la Trémoille, princesse des Ursins, now 71, arranged Felipe's marriage to Maria Luisa, who ruled her husband and was herself ruled by Ursins, who now arranges Felipe's marriage to Isabella Farnese, who exiles the princesse from Spain in late December.

Former British colonial governor Sir Edmund Andros dies at his native London February 24 at age 76.

The Treaty of Rastatt March 6 ends the war between Austria and Spain; the Spanish Netherlands becomes the Austrian Netherlands, and Spain gives up her possessions in Italy and Luxembourg along with those in Flanders.

The House of Hanover that will rule Britain for more than 2½ centuries comes to power August 1 upon the death of the gouty Queen Anne at age 48 after a 12-year reign. Last monarch of the House of Stuart, Anne is succeeded under terms of the 1701 Act of Settlement by Hanover's boorish Prince George Louis, 54, a great-grandson of England's James I who inherited his position in January 1698 and has never been educated. Accompanied by two of his three mistresses (he divorced his wife in 1694), the new king lands in England September 18, is crowned a month later, and will reign until 1727 as George I. Lady Mary Wortley Montagu will write of him, "In private life he would have been called an honest blockhead . . . He could speak no English, and was past the age of learning it. Our customs and laws were all mysteries to him, which he neither tried to understand, nor was capable of understanding if he had endeavoured it." The House of Hanover will be renamed the House of Windsor in 1917.

Sweden's Karl XII returns to Stockholm through Hungary, but the Great Northern War continues.

A Turkish-Venetian war begins as the Turks capture Corinth and Venetian stations in Candia (Crete).

commerce

Economist Pierre Le Pesant, sieur de Boisguilbert, dies October 10 at age 64.

transportation

The Longitude Act passed by Parliament July 8 provides for a £20,000 prize to anyone who can devise a means of determining a ship's longitude within 30 nautical miles at the end of a 6-weeks' voyage (see 1707; Greenwich, 1676; Harrison, 1728).

technology

The Virginia colony's lieutenant governor Alexander Spotswood, 38, establishes iron furnaces on the Rapidan River and imports German ironworkers to settle in the colony (see 1723).

science

Daniel Fahrenheit devises a thermometer that uses mercury in place of alcohol (see 1709; medicine [Allbutt's clinical thermometer], 1866).

medicine

London physician John Woodward publishes Emanuel Timoni's account of smallpox variolation in the Royal Society's Philosophical Transactions, arousing interest in Britain and America (see 1713; 1718).

Physician-educator Bernardino Ramazzini dies at Padua November 5 at age 81, having pioneered the field of occupational medicine.

religion

Parliament passes the Schism Act in a new move to crack down on the schools of religious Dissenters, but Queen Anne dies before the act can fully be implemented (see 1711). Dissenters support the new Hanoverian monarchy and the Whig Party.

literature

Japanese philosopher-teacher Ekiken Kaibara dies at age 84. His booklet for students "Onnadaigaku" contains Confucianist ethical principles that will guide treatment of women for centuries: young people are to be segregated by sex beginning at age 7, and marriages are arranged for them; until she is married, a woman must obey her father; after marriage, she must obey her husband, and after his death she must obey her oldest son; a marriage not condoned by the parents is deemed an adulterous relationship; to be considered virtuous, a woman must be obedient and submissive; women with ability, brains, or talent are troublesome, but a woman is expected to be good at weaving, sewing, cooking, and washing; above all, she is a child-producing machine: in rural areas, marriages will often not be registered until the bride has proven her ability to bear children, and if she cannot bear children she is expected to leave (although she may be permitted to remain if she is good natured and her husband is able to sire a child by his mistress). A wife's duty is to serve her husband with absolute obedience and never to criticize or disparage him. She may not complain if he visits brothels and is even expected to pay his brothel bills.

Poetry: The Fable of the Bees: or Private Vices, Public Benefit by Dutch-born London philosopher-satirist Bernard Mandeville, 44, whose octosyllabic verse first appeared in 1705 in The Grumbling Hive. Every virtue is basically some form of selfishness, says Mandeville, human nature is essentially vile, and "it is requisite that great numbers be poor" in order that society may be happy (see Young, 1771).

theater, film

Theater: The Tragedy of Jane Shore by Nicholas Rowe 2/2 at London's Drury Lane Theatre.

music

Cantata: "Ich hatte viel Bekummernis" by court concertmeister Johann Sebastian Bach 6/17 at Weimar's Schlosskirche.

1711 1712 1713 1714 1715 1716 1717 1718 1719 1720


Communication

Henry Mill, a London engineer, patents the first known typewriter. Little is known today about how the device worked, if it did. The patent claims his device can impress letters "so neat and exact as not to be distinguished from print." See also 1867 Communication.

Mathematics

Roger Cotes gives one of the first forms of the theorem, usually attributed to Euler, that the natural logarithm of the sum of the cosine of an angle and i times the sine is equal to i times the angle, or ln (cos θ + i sin θ) = i θ, where i = √ -1.

Medicine & health

Dominique Anel [b. Toulouse, France, c. 1679, d. 1730] invents the fine-point syringe, still known by his name, for use in treating fistula lacrymalis. See also 1721 Medicine & health.

Tools

Gabriel Fahrenheit builds a mercury thermometer with a scale that will be named after him. The thermometer uses zero as the coldest temperature he can produce. See also 1709 Tools; 1730 Tools. (See essay.)

Transportation

The British Parliament passes a bill setting up a prize of £20,000 for the first person to develop a sufficiently accurate way to find the longitude at sea. See also 1616 Earth science; 1716 Transportation.


Poetry, Fiction, and Drama

  • Robert Hunter (?-1734): Androboros. The first printed American play is an unproduced political satire written by Hunter while he is the governor of New York. It attacks the colonial administration and military leader Francis Nicholson (1655-1728), who is represented by the title character, a braggart who indulges in vituperations against the French rather than taking practical action.

Sermons and Religious Writing

  • John Barnard (1681-1770): "The Hazard and the Unprofitableness of Losing a Soul for the Sake of Gaining the World." A sermon reminding the political leaders of Massachusetts that, while government is ordained by God, only a government founded on reason and understanding is a godly government. Barnard preaches this message on the day of the governor's election, thus putting forth his own political message.

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Years: 1711 1712 171317141715 1716 1717
1714 by topic:
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Works
1714 in other calendars
Gregorian calendar 1714
MDCCXIV
Ab urbe condita 2467
Armenian calendar 1163
ԹՎ ՌՃԿԳ
Assyrian calendar 6464
Bahá'í calendar -130–-129
Bengali calendar 1121
Berber calendar 2664
British Regnal year 12 Ann. 1 – 1 Geo. 1
Buddhist calendar 2258
Burmese calendar 1076
Byzantine calendar 7222–7223
Chinese calendar 癸巳年十一月十五日
(4350/4410-11-15)
— to —
甲午年十一月廿五日
(4351/4411-11-25)
Coptic calendar 1430–1431
Ethiopian calendar 1706–1707
Hebrew calendar 5474–5475
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat 1770–1771
 - Shaka Samvat 1636–1637
 - Kali Yuga 4815–4816
Holocene calendar 11714
Iranian calendar 1092–1093
Islamic calendar 1125–1126
Japanese calendar Shōtoku 4
(正徳4年)
Korean calendar 4047
Minguo calendar 198 before ROC
民前198年
Thai solar calendar 2257


Year 1714 (MDCCXIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Thursday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar.

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Date unknown


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References

  1. ^ Palmer, Alan & Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 208–209. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2. 

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Anne (Queen of Great Britain and Ireland)
Stuart (Ruling house of Scotland)
Queen Anne (style in English architecture)