The 18 electron rule (also known as the Effective Atomic Number
Rule or EAN rule) was originally proposed by N.V. Sigwick when
extending the octet rule proposed by G.N. Lewis in applying it to
organometallic compounds. The idea behind both of these rules is
that in a compound the sum total of all of the electrons would have
the configuration of a noble gas.
With the octet rule there is the basic assumption that the
central atom in the compound is 8 (the maximum capacity of the s
and p orbitals). The 18 electron rule is based on a similar idea as
the octet rule, however it takes into consideration the d orbital
too - 2 (s) + 6 (p) + 10 (d) = 18.