1850s

The 1850s decade ran from January 1, 1850, to December 31, 1859.

Politics and wars

Crimean war

Wars

• Crimean war (1854–56) fought between Imperial Russia and an alliance consisting of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Second French Empire, the Kingdom of Sardinia and the Ottoman Empire. The majority of the conflict takes place around Crimea, on the northern coasts of the Black Sea.
• On 1856-10-08, the Second Opium War between several western powers and China begins with the Arrow Incident on the Pearl River.
• Second War of Italian Independence (1859), also known as Franco-Austrian War, or Austro-Sardinian War.

Internal conflicts

• The Indian Mutiny: revolt against British colonial rule in India
• Bleeding Kansas (1854–59): battles erupt in Kansas Territory between proslavery and "Free-State" settlers, directly precipitating the American Civil War.
• Taiping Rebellion (1851–64) in Qing China.

Prominent political events

• Moldavia and Wallachia are unified and form Romania.
• Gideon T. Stewart attempts to create a Prohibition Party.
• Dissolution of the Mughal Empire by the British.

Assassinations

This section requires expansion.

The 1850s were marked by several notable assassinations and assassination attempts:

• Eight are killed and 142 wounded in Paris in a failed assassination attempt on Napoleon III, Emperor of the French (1858).

Science

• Charles Darwin publishes The Origin of Species, putting forward the theory of evolution by natural selection in 1859
• Epidemiology begins when John Snow traces the source of an outbreak of cholera in London to a contaminated water pump.
• Discovery of Neanderthal fossils in Neanderthal, Germany
• Solar flares discovered by Richard Christopher Carrington

Economics

• Distinction between coats and jackets begins to blur
• Production of steel revolutionized by invention of the Bessemer process
• Benjamin Silliman fractionates petroleum by distillation for the first time
• First transpacific telegraph cable laid
• First safety elevator installed by Elisha Otis
• Railroads begin to supplant canals in the United States as a primary means of transporting goods.
• First commercially successful sewing machine made by Isaac Singer

Environment

• Ukrainian settlers bring Carniolan honeybees to the Primorsky Krai

Society

• The word girlfriend first appears in writing in 1855.
• The word boyfriend first appears in writing in 1856.

The introduction of these two terms may indicate the beginning of the broad acceptance of new, more liberal forms of courtship in Western Culture.

Popular culture

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Literature

• Charles Dickens publishes Bleak House, Hard Times, Little Dorrit and A Tale of Two Cities

People

World leaders

• Padshah Bahadur Shah Zafar (Mughal Empire)
• Emperor Franz Josef (Austria-Hungary)
• Emperor Napoleon III (Second French Empire)
• King Frederick William IV (Germany)
• Pope Pius IX
• Queen Maria II (Portugal)
• King Peter V (Portugal)
• Emperor Nicholas I (Russia)
• Emperor Alexander II (Russia)
• Queen Isabella II (Spain)
• Queen Victoria, (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland)
• Prime Minister Lord John Russell (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland)
• Prime Minister Lord Aberdeen (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland)
• Prime Minister Lord Palmerston (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland)
• President Zachary Taylor (United States)
• President Millard Fillmore (United States)
• President Franklin Pierce (United States)
• President James Buchanan (United States)
• Nasser-al-Din Shah of Qajar dynasty (Persia)

External links

• American texts from 1850s
• American speeches from 1850s