2000 Tour de France
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2000 Tour de France
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| Route of the 2000 Tour de France | |||
| Race details | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Dates | July 1–July 23, 2000 | ||
| Stages | 21 | ||
| Distance | 3,662.5 km (2,276 mi) | ||
| Winning time | 92h 33' 08"[1] (39.556 km/h or 24.579 mph) | ||
| Palmarès | |||
 |
Winner |  Lance Armstrong (USA) |
(US Postal) |
| Second |  Jan Ullrich (Germany) |
(Team Telekom) | |
| Third |  Joseba Beloki (Spain) |
(Festina) | |
|
|
|||
 |
Points | Erik Zabel (Germany) |
(Team Telekom) |
 |
Mountains |  Santiago Botero (Colombia) |
(Kelme-Costa Blanca) |
 |
Youth | Francisco Mancebo (Spain) |
(Banesto) |
| Team | Kelme-Costa Blanca | ||
|
← 1999
2001 →
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The 2000 Tour de France was the 87th Tour de France, and took place from July 1 to July 23, 2000. It was won by American cyclist Lance Armstrong. The Tour started with an individual time trial in Futuroscope (not an official prologue because it was longer than 8 km)[2] and ended traditionally in Paris. The distance travelled was 3662.5 km (counter-clockwise around France). The Tour passed through Switzerland and Germany.
Before the race started, there were a few favourites for the victory.[3] Lance Armstrong was of course one of the favourites, after his 1999 Tour de France victory. Jan Ullrich was also one of the favourites, having won the 1997 Tour de France, finishing second in the 1996 and 1998 tours, and not entering the 1999 Tour due to an injury. 1998 Tour winner Marco Pantani was also considered a favourite. Richard Virenque finished 8th place in the 1999 Tour despite a bad preparation, and for the 2000 year he was considered an important player. Also Fernando Escartín, Bobby Julich, Alexander Vinokourov and Alex Zülle were considered contenders.
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Contents
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Differences from the 1999 Tour de France
Up until 1989 the Young rider classification leader received a white jersey. After 1989 the white jersey was no longer awarded, but the classification was still held. In 2000 the race organizers decided to start awarding the white jersey.
Participants
The following 17 teams were automatically selected based on their UCI rankings:[4]
In addition, three teams were given wildcards by the Tour organisation:
Each of these 20 teams sent 9 cyclists, for a total of 180:[5][6] Before the start, each rider had to do a health check. Three riders failed this health check:
Sergei Ivanov (RUS), from Farm Frites,
Rossano Brasi (ITA), from Team Polti,
Andrei Hauptman (SLO), from Vini Caldirola-Sidermec,
all because they had a hematocrit value above 50%. The race thus started with 177 cyclists.[5]
Results
The first stage was won by British cyclist David Millar, with Lance Armstrong only 2 seconds behind in second place. Of the other pre-race favorites, Laurent Jalabert, Jan Ullrich and Alex Zülle all lost less than 20 seconds. Virenque, Vinokourov and Escartin lost around 1:30 on Armstrong, while Marco Pantani lost more than 2 minutes. The next two stages were sprinter stages, both won by Tom Steels, not changing much in the overall classification. Stage 4, a team time trial, was won by the ONCE cycling team, and after that stage the top 10 included 8 ONCE cyclists, including leader Laurent Jalabert.
In stage 6, 12 cyclists broke away and kept a 7:49 minute lead, which shook up the classification. Alberto Elli, one of the breakaways, took over the yellow jersey.
In stage 10, the Tour entered the mountains. The stage, which finished at Hautacam, was won by Spaniard Javier Otxoa, but Lance Armstrong finished second and took the yellow jersey, with Ullrich in second place, more than 4 minutes behind. The 12th stage, finishing on Mont Ventoux, was won by Marco Pantani, but Lance Armstrong finished second with the same time, so Armstrong increased his lead. Stage 15 was also won by Pantani, but again Armstrong gained time on second-place Ullrich, who was 7:26 behind. On the 16th stage, Armstrong had a bad day and lost time after not eating enough. Ullrich's gap shrunk to 5:37.
On stage 17, Erik Dekker won his third stage of the Tour. Stage 19, an individual time trial, was the last chance to change the general classification, although it was very unlikely that time trial specialist Armstrong would lose his 5:37 lead. Armstrong eventually went on to win the stage, and secured his Tour win. He maintained his lead in the final two stages.
Stages
| Stage | Date | Route | Terrain | Length | Winner |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1 July | Futuroscope – Futuroscope |  Individual time trial |
16.5 km (10.3 mi) |  David Millar (GBR) |
| 2 | 2 July | Futuroscope – Loudun |  Plain stage |
194.0 km (120.5 mi) |  Tom Steels (BEL) |
| 3 | 3 July | Loudun – Nantes | Plain stage |
161.5 km (100.4 mi) | Tom Steels (BEL) |
| 4 | 4 July | Nantes – Saint-Nazaire | Team time trial |
70.0 km (43.5 mi) | ONCE-Deutsche Bank (ESP) |
| 5 | 5 July | Vannes – Vitré | Plain stage |
202.0 km (125.5 mi) | Marcel Wüst (GER) |
| 6 | 6 July | Vitré – Tours | Plain stage |
198.5 km (123.3 mi) |  Leon van Bon (NED) |
| 7 | 7 July | Tours – Limoges | Plain stage |
205.5 km (127.7 mi) |  Christophe Agnolutto (FRA) |
| 8 | 8 July | Limoges – Villeneuve-sur-Lot | Plain stage |
203.5 km (126.4 mi) | Erik Dekker (NED) |
| 9 | 9 July | Agen – Dax | Plain stage |
181.0 km (112.5 mi) | Paolo Bettini (ITA) |
| 10 | 10 July | Dax – Hautacam |  Stage with mountain(s) |
205.0 km (127.4 mi) | Javier Otxoa (ESP) |
| 11 | 11 July | Bagnères-de-Bigorre – Revel |  Hilly stage |
218.5 km (135.8 mi) | Erik Dekker (NED) |
| 12 | 13 July | Carpentras – Mont Ventoux | Stage with mountain(s) |
149.0 km (92.6 mi) | Marco Pantani (ITA) |
| 13 | 14 July | Avignon – Draguignan | Plain stage |
185.5 km (115.3 mi) | José Vicente Garcia (ESP) |
| 14 | 15 July | Draguignan – Briançon | Stage with mountain(s) |
249.5 km (155.0 mi) | Santiago Botero (COL) |
| 15 | 16 July | Briançon – Courchevel | Stage with mountain(s) |
173.5 km (107.8 mi) | Marco Pantani (ITA) |
| 16 | 18 July | Courchevel – Morzine | Stage with mountain(s) |
196.5 km (122.1 mi) | Richard Virenque (FRA) |
| 17 | 19 July | Évian-les-Bains – Lausanne | Hilly stage |
155.0 km (96.3 mi) | Erik Dekker (NED) |
| 18 | 20 July | Lausanne – Fribourg-en-Brisgau | Plain stage |
246.5 km (153.2 mi) | Salvatore Commesso (ITA) |
| 19 | 21 July | Fribourg-en-Brisgau – Mulhouse | Individual time trial |
58.5 km (36.4 mi) | Lance Armstrong (USA) |
| 20 | 22 July | Belfort – Troyes | Plain stage |
254.5 km (158.1 mi) | Erik Zabel (GER) |
| 21 | 23 July | Paris – Paris (Champs-Élysées) | Plain stage |
138.0 km (85.7 mi) | Stefano Zanini (ITA) |
Classification leadership
- Jersey wearers when one rider is leading two or more competitions
- In stage 2, Lance Armstrong wore the green jersey.
- In stages 2 through 4, David Cañada wore the white jersey.
Results
There were several classifications in the 2000 Tour de France. The most important was the general classification, calculated by adding each cyclist's finishing times on each stage. The cyclist with the least accumulated time was the race leader, identified by the yellow jersey; the winner of this classification is considered the winner of the Tour.[8]
Additionally, there was a points classification, which awarded a green jersey. In the points classification, cyclists got points for finishing among the best in a stage finish, or in intermediate sprints. The cyclist with the most points lead the classification, and was identified with a green jersey.[8]
There was also a mountains classification. The organisation had categorized some climbs as either hors catégorie, first, second, third, or fourth-category; points for this classification were won by the first cyclists that reached the top of these climbs first, with more points available for the higher-categorized climbs. The cyclist with the most points lead the classification, and was identified with a polkadot jersey.[8]
The fourth individual classification was the young rider classification, which was marked by the white jersey. This was decided the same way as the general classification, but only riders under 26 years were eligible.[8]
For the team classification, the times of the best three cyclists per team on each stage were added; the leading team was the team with the lowest total time. The riders in the team that lead this classification wore yellow caps.[9]
For the combativity classification, a jury gave points after each stage to the cyclists they considered most combative. The cyclist with the most votes in all stages lead the classification.
General classification
| Rank | Name | Team | Time |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Lance Armstrong (USA) |
US Postal Service | 92h 33' 08" |
| 2 | Jan Ullrich (GER) |
Telekom | +6' 02" |
| 3 | Joseba Beloki (ESP) |
Festina | +10' 04" |
| 4 | Christophe Moreau (FRA) |
Festina | +10' 34" |
| 5 | Roberto Heras (ESP) |
Kelme | +11' 50" |
| 6 | Richard Virenque (FRA) |
Polti | +13' 26" |
| 7 | Santiago Botero (COL) |
Kelme | +14' 18" |
| 8 | Fernando Escartín (ESP) |
Kelme | +17' 21" |
| 9 | Francisco Mancebo (ESP) |
Banesto | +18' 09" |
| 10 | Daniele Nardello (ITA) |
Mapei | +18' 25" |
| Final general classification (11–127) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Rank | Name | Team | Time |
| 11 | Manuel Beltrán (ESP) |
Mapei | +21' 11" |
| 12 | Pascal Hervé (FRA) |
Polti | +23' 13" |
| 13 | Javier Otxoa (ESP) |
Kelme | +25' 00" |
| 14 | Felix Manuel Garcia (ESP) |
Festina | +32' 04" |
| 15 |  Alexandre Vinokourov (KAZ) |
Telekom | +32' 26" |
| 16 | Roberto Conti (ITA) |
Vini Caldirola-Sodi | +34' 18" |
| 17 | Kurt Van De Wouwer (BEL) |
Lotto | +34' 29" |
| 18 | Guido Trentin (ITA) |
Vini Caldirola-Sodi | +35' 57" |
| 19 | Jean-Cyril Robin (FRA) |
Bonjour | +43' 12" |
| 20 | Geert Verheyen (BEL) |
Lotto | +46' 24" |
| 21 |  Peter Luttenberger (AUT) |
ONCE | +48' 27" |
| 22 | Nico Mattan (BEL) |
Cofidis | +50' 09" |
| 23 | José Maria Jimenez (ESP) |
Banesto | +51' 45" |
| 24 | Grischa Niermann (GER) |
Rabobank | +52' 06" |
| 25 | Tyler Hamilton (USA) |
US Postal Service | +56' 30" |
| 26 | Giuseppe Guerini (ITA) |
Telekom | +59' 33" |
| 27 | Massimiliano Lelli (ITA) |
Cofidis | +1h 06' 05" |
| 28 | Mario Aerts (BEL) |
Lotto | +1h 06' 44" |
| 29 | Daniel Atienza (ESP) |
Saeco | +1h 09' 19" |
| 30 |  Dariusz Baranowski (POL) |
Banesto | +1h 09' 27" |
| 31 | Javier Pascual (ESP) |
Kelme | +1h 16' 33" |
| 32 | Andrei Kivilev (KAZ) |
Ag2r | +1h 17' 28" |
| 33 | David Cañada (ESP) |
ONCE | +1h 17' 44" |
| 34 | Abraham Olano (ESP) |
ONCE | +1h 19' 44" |
| 35 | Laurent Madouas (FRA) |
Festina | +1h 20' 40" |
| 36 |  Bo Hamburger (DEN) |
Memory Card | +1h 21' 33" |
| 37 | Kevin Livingston (USA) |
US Postal Service | +1h 23' 13" |
| 38 | Enrico Zaina (ITA) |
Mercatone Uno | +1h 23' 33" |
| 39 | Marco Velo (ITA) |
Mercatone Uno | +1h 24' 21" |
| 40 | Jens Heppner (GER) |
Telekom | +1h 29' 51" |
| 41 | Paolo Savoldelli (ITA) |
Saeco | +1h 32' 00" |
| 42 | Udo Bölts (GER) |
Telekom | +1h 32' 33" |
| 43 | Marc Wauters (BEL) |
Rabobank | +1h 33' 34" |
| 44 |  Roland Meier (SUI) |
Cofidis | +1h 35' 57" |
| 45 | Didier Rous (FRA) |
Bonjour | +1h 39' 55" |
| 46 | Marcello Siboni (ITA) |
Mercatone Uno | +1h 42' 00" |
| 47 | Jon Odriozola (ESP) |
Banesto | +1h 43' 22" |
| 48 | Bobby Julich (USA) |
Crédit Agricole | +1h 44' 15" |
| 49 | Maarten den Bakker (NED) |
Rabobank | +1h 46' 17" |
| 50 | José Angel Vidal (ESP) |
Kelme | +1h 50' 59" |
| 51 | Erik Dekker (NED) |
Rabobank | +1h 51' 27" |
| 52 | Cédric Vasseur (FRA) |
US Postal Service | +1h 55' 25" |
| 53 | José Vicente Garcia (ESP) |
Banesto | +1h 56' 31" |
| 54 | Laurent Jalabert (FRA) |
ONCE | +1h 58' 47" |
| 55 | Viatcheslav Ekimov (RUS) |
US Postal Service | +1h 59' 57" |
| 56 | Marc Lotz (NED) |
Rabobank | +2h 02' 04" |
| 57 | José Luis Arrieta (ESP) |
Banesto | +2h 04' 21" |
| 58 | François Simon (FRA) |
Bonjour | +2h 10' 08" |
| 59 | Ermanno Brignoli (ITA) |
Mercatone Uno | +2h 10' 28" |
| 60 | Jens Voigt (GER) |
Crédit Agricole | +2h 10' 37" |
| 61 | Erik Zabel (GER) |
Telekom | +2h 11' 07" |
| 62 | David Millar (GBR) |
Cofidis | +2h 13' 03" |
| 63 | Antonio Tauler (ESP) |
Kelme | +2h 16' 05" |
| 64 | Fabio Sacchi (ITA) |
Polti | +2h 17' 40" |
| 65 | George Hincapie (USA) |
US Postal Service | +2h 20' 31" |
| 66 | Christophe Agnolutto (FRA) |
Ag2r | +2h 23' 07" |
| 67 | Massimiliano Mori (ITA) |
Saeco | +2h 24' 05" |
| 68 | Markus Zberg (SUI) |
Rabobank | +2h 26' 40" |
| 69 | Pascal Chanteur (FRA) |
Ag2r | +2h 27' 19" |
| 70 | Riccardo Forconi (ITA) |
Mercatone Uno | +2h 28' 14" |
| 71 | Walter Bénéteau (FRA) |
Bonjour | +2h 28' 17" |
| 72 | Salvatore Commesso (ITA) |
Saeco | +2h 28' 48" |
| 73 | Massimo Podenzana (ITA) |
Mercatone Uno | +2h 29' 17" |
| 74 | Jacky Durand (FRA) |
Lotto | +2h 31' 48" |
| 75 | David Moncoutié (FRA) |
Cofidis | +2h 32' 26" |
| 76 | Xavier Jan (FRA) |
Française des Jeux | +2h 33' 55" |
| 77 | Koos Moerenhout (NED) |
Farm Frites | +2h 34' 31" |
| 78 |  Michel Lafis (SWE) |
Farm Frites | +2h 35' 52" |
| 79 | Paul Van Hyfte (BEL) |
Lotto | +2h 36' 03" |
| 80 | Stefano Zanini (ITA) |
Mapei | +2h 36' 07" |
| 81 | Gilles Maignan (FRA) |
Ag2r | +2h 36' 12" |
| 82 |  Romans Vainsteins (LAT) |
Vini Caldirola-Sodi | +2h 38' 10" |
| 83 | David Delrieu (FRA) |
Ag2r | +2h 38' 10" |
| 84 | Alberto Elli (ITA) |
Telekom | +2h 40' 12" |
| 85 |  Pavel Padrnos (CZE) |
Saeco | +2h 40' 19" |
| 86 | Fred Rodriguez (USA) |
Mapei | +2h 40' 19" |
| 87 |  Orlando Sergio Rodriguis (POR) |
Banesto | +2h 40' 31" |
| 88 | Sebastien Demarbaix (BEL) |
Lotto | +2h 41' 19" |
| 89 |  Steffen Kjærgaard (NOR) |
US Postal Service | +2h 44' 01" |
| 90 | Anthony Morin (FRA) |
Crédit Agricole | +2h 44' 02" |
| 91 | Glenn Magnusson (SWE) |
Farm Frites | +2h 45' 46" |
| 92 |  Benoît Joachim (LUX) |
US Postal Service | +2h 45' 56" |
| 93 | Arvis Piziks (LAT) |
Memory Card | +2h 46' 06" |
| 94 | Mirko Crepaldi (ITA) |
Polti | +2h 48' 30" |
| 95 | Christophe Mengin (FRA) |
Française des Jeux | +2h 50' 21" |
| 96 | Mauro Radaelli (ITA) |
Vini Caldirola-Sodi | +2h 51' 01" |
| 97 |  Jaime Hernández (PAN) |
Festina | +2h 51' 14" |
| 98 | Emmanuel Magnien (FRA) |
Française des Jeux | +2h 51' 21" |
| 99 | Nicolai Bo Larsen (DEN) |
Memory Card | +2h 52' 14" |
| 100 | Frank Høj (DEN) |
Française des Jeux | +2h 52' 46" |
| 101 | Thierry Marichal (BEL) |
Lotto | +2h 52' 52" |
| 102 | Massimo Apollonio (ITA) |
Vini Caldirola-Sodi | +2h 54' 00" |
| 103 | Max van Heeswijk (NED) |
Mapei | +2h 54' 50" |
| 104 | Gian-Matteo Fagnini (ITA) |
Telekom | +2h 55' 45" |
| 105 | Andreas Klier (GER) |
Farm Frites | +2h 58' 04" |
| 106 | Grzegorz Gwiazdowski (POL) |
Française des Jeux | +2h 58' 05" |
| 107 | Benoit Salmon (FRA) |
Ag2r | +2h 59' 59" |
| 108 | Martin Rittsel (SWE) |
Memory Card | +3h 00' 47" |
| 109 | Servais Knaven (NED) |
Farm Frites | +3h 02' 49" |
| 110 | Frankie Andreu (USA) |
US Postal Service | +3h 02' 51" |
| 111 | Pascal Deramé (FRA) |
Bonjour | +3h 03' 30" |
| 112 | Pascal Lino (FRA) |
Festina | +3h 03' 38" |
| 113 |  Robbie McEwen (AUS) |
Farm Frites | +3h 04' 28" |
| 114 | Simone Borgheresi (ITA) |
Mercatone Uno | +3h 04' 28" |
| 115 | Bart Voskamp (NED) |
Polti | +3h 05' 17" |
| 116 | Frédérick Guesdon (FRA) |
Française des Jeux | +3h 07' 16" |
| 117 | Tristan Hoffman (NED) |
Memory Card | +3h 07' 17" |
| 118 | Geert Van Bondt (BEL) |
Farm Frites | +3h 07' 39" |
| 119 | Allan Johansen (DEN) |
Memory Card | +3h 08' 22" |
| 120 | Anthony Langella (FRA) |
Crédit Agricole | +3h 13' 40" |
| 121 | Serge Baguet (BEL) |
Lotto | +3h 17' 15" |
| 122 | Franck Bouyer (FRA) |
Bonjour | +3h 18' 37" |
| 123 | Magnus Bäckstedt (SWE) |
Crédit Agricole | +3h 20' 27" |
| 124 | Francisco Leon (ESP) |
Kelme | +3h 22' 52" |
| 125 | Sébastien Hinault (FRA) |
Crédit Agricole | +3h 41' 02" |
| 126 | Damien Nazon (FRA) |
Bonjour | +3h 43' 13" |
| 127 | Olivier Perraudeau (FRA) |
Bonjour | +3h 46' 37" |
Points classification
| Rank | Rider | Team | Points |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Erik Zabel (GER) |
Telekom | 321 |
| 2 | Robbie McEwen (AUS) |
Farm Frites | 203 |
| 3 | Romans Vainsteins (LAT) |
Vini Caldirola-Sodi | 184 |
| 4 | Emmanuel Magnien (FRA) |
Française des Jeux | 157 |
| 5 | Erik Dekker (NED) |
Rabobank | 138 |
| 6 | Stefano Zanini (ITA) |
Mapei | 130 |
| 7 | Jacky Durand (FRA) |
Lotto | 130 |
| 8 | François Simon (FRA) |
Bonjour | 122 |
| 9 | Salvatore Commesso (ITA) |
Saeco | 118 |
| 10 | Nico Mattan (BEL) |
Cofidis | 106 |
Mountains classification
| Rank | Rider | Team | Points |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Santiago Botero (COL) |
Kelme | 347 |
| 2 | Javier Otxoa (ESP) |
Kelme | 283 |
| 3 | Richard Virenque (FRA) |
Polti | 267 |
| 4 | Pascal Hervé (FRA) |
Polti | 234 |
| 5 | Nico Mattan (BEL) |
Cofidis | 164 |
| 6 | Lance Armstrong (USA) |
US Postal Service | 162 |
| 7 | Fernando Escartín (ESP) |
Kelme | 149 |
| 8 | Roberto Heras (ESP) |
Kelme | 113 |
| 9 | Joseba Beloki (ESP) |
Festina | 112 |
| 10 | José Maria Jimenez (ESP) |
Banesto | 110 |
Team classification
| Rank | Team | Time |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Kelme-Costa Blanca | 278h 10' 47" |
| 2 | Festina | +13' 42" |
| 3 | Banesto | +18' 21" |
| 4 | Team Telekom | +40' 08" |
| 5 | Lotto-Adecco | +1h 11' 50" |
| 6 | Rabobank | +1h 16' 34" |
| 7 | ONCE-Deutsche Bank | +1h 36' 14" |
| 8 | US Postal | +1h 46' 04" |
| 9 | Mapei-Quick Step | +1h 50' 17" |
| 10 | Cofidis | +2h 06' 48" |
Young rider classification
| Rank | Rider | Team | Time |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Francisco Mancebo (ESP) |
Banesto | 92h 51' 17" |
| 2 | Guido Trentin (ITA) |
Vini Caldirola-Sodi | +17' 48" |
| 3 | Grischa Niermann (GER) |
Rabobank | +33' 57" |
| 4 | David Cañada (ESP) |
ONCE | +59' 35" |
| 5 | David Millar (GBR) |
Cofidis | +1h 54' 54" |
Combativity classification
| Rank | Rider | Team | Points |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Erik Dekker (NED) |
Rabobank | 61 |
| 2 | Santiago Botero (COL) |
Kelme | 55 |
| 3 | Christophe Agnolutto (FRA) |
Ag2r | 51 |
See also
References
- ^ Augendre, Jacques (2009). "Guide Historique" (in French) (PDF). Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived from the original on 2009-10-09. http://www.letour.fr/2009/TDF/COURSE/docs/histo2009_06.pdf. Retrieved 30 September 2009.
- ^ Tour de France for dummies: Time Trials, Mountains Stages, Prologues, and More
- ^ Tour de France 2000 favorieten (Dutch), NRC
- ^ "Tour de France teams 2000". Cyclingnews. Future Publishing Limited. 1 June 2000. http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/results/2000/jun00/jun1news.shtml. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "87ème Tour de France 2000" (in French). Memoire du cyclisme. http://memoire-du-cyclisme.net/eta_tdf_1978_2005/tdf2000.php. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
- ^ "Complete starting list". Cyclingnews. Future Publishing Limited. 30 June 2000. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/results/2000/jul00/tdfrance00/tdfrance00main.shtml#start. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
- ^ Zwegers, Arian. "Tour de France GC Top Ten". CVCC. Archived from the original on 2009-06-10. http://www.cvccbike.com/tour/top_ten.html#2000. Retrieved 15 Aug 2011.
- ^ a b c d Christian, Sarah (2 July 2009). "Tour de France demystified - Evaluating success". RoadCycling.co.nz Ltd. http://www.roadcycling.co.nz/TourdeFrance/tour-de-france-demystified-part-1.html. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
- ^ Chauner, David; Halstead, Michael (1990). The Tour de France Complete Book of Cycling. Villard. ISBN 0679729364. http://www.faqs.org/faqs/bicycles-faq/part1/section-20.html#b. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
- ^ a b c d e Jones, Jeff (2000). "Mapei end it in a thrilling finale". Cyclingnews. Future Publishing Limited. http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/results/2000/jul00/tdfrance00/stages/tdfrance00st21r.shtml. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
External links
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