35th century BC

Archaeology

Sumer, the world's first civilization, flourishes on the banks of the lower Tigris and Euphrates rivers (called Mesopotamia, for "between the rivers") in what is now Iraq. It is formed from such city-states as Uruk, Ur, and Lagash, with no overall central government linking them. See also 4000 bce Archaeology; 2800 bce Archaeology.

The small provinces of Upper Egypt, called nomes, are united to form the single kingdom we call Upper Egypt. See also 3000 bce Archaeology.

A large -- 22 m (72 ft) high, weighing more than 250 tons -- standing stone, or menhir, known as the Grand Menhir of Locmariaquer, is erected in Brittany, probably for use in making astronomical observations. It falls or is knocked down a few centuries after it is erected. See also 2750 bce Astronomy.

Complex fired clay counting tokens, including such geometric shapes as paraboloids as well as miniature tools, furniture, fruit, and even human figures, become common in the Near East. See also 4000 bce Mathematics.

The first known examples of clay envelopes marked on the outside to tell what kind of or how many counting tokens are on the inside are left at sites in what is now Syria. See also 3700 bce Mathematics.

A ziggurat in Ur (Iraq), 12 m (36 ft) high, shows that Sumerians are familiar with columns, domes, arches, and vaults. See also 2800 bce Construction.

Candles are in use. See also 40,000 bce Energy.

The llama and alpaca are domesticated (Peru). See also 4400 bce Food & agriculture; 3100 bce Food & agriculture.

Donkeys and mules are domesticated (Israel). See also 4000 bce Food & agriculture.

Wine is known, as evidenced by the residues found in a jar from Godin Tepe (Iran), an outpost of the Uruk (Iraq) urban center. See also 6000 bce Food & agriculture; 1500 bce Food & agriculture.

The Egyptians mine iron ore and smelt iron, using it mostly for ornamental or ceremonial purposes. See also 4000 bce Materials.

People in Mesopotamia fire bricks in kilns, although sun-dried brick continues to be used for ordinary purposes. See also 6000 bce Materials.

Europeans start producing metallic copper from copper pyrites by reducing the ore in wood or charcoal fires. See also 3800 bce Materials.

A bowstave is left at Gwisho Springs (Zambia). It will become part of the earliest known pieces of direct evidence for the bow and arrow. Other evidence includes Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age) bows deposited in Scandinavia and arrow shafts from about 8500 bce. See also 8500 bce Tools; 2000 bce Tools.

The first form of the potter's wheel, essentially a turntable that rotates only while being pushed and therefore used in start-stop fashion, is invented in Mesopotamia shortly before this time. See also 2500 bce Tools; 700 bce Tools. (See essay.)

Sailing ships are used by Egyptians and Sumerians. See also 4000 bce Transportation; 3100 bce Transportation. (See essay.)

Wheeled vehicles are used in Mesopotamia as evinced by a pictograph from Uruk (Iraq). Next to the wheeled vehicle is a sledge that except for the wheels is exactly the same design. See also 6500 bce Transportation; 3000 bce Transportation.

Millennium:	4th millennium BC
Centuries:	36th century BC · 35th century BC · 34th century BC
Decades:	3490s BC 3480s BC 3470s BC 3460s BC 3450s BC 3440s BC 3430s BC 3420s BC 3410s BC 3400s BC
Categories:	Births – Deaths Establishments – Disestablishments

The 35th century BC in the Near East sees the gradual transition from the Chalcolithic to the Early Bronze Age. Proto-writing enters transitional stage, developing towards writing proper. Wheeled vehicles are now known beyond Mesopotamia, having spread north of the Caucasus and to Europe.

Contents 1 Cultures 2 Artifacts 3 Events 4 Decades and years

Cultures

• Uruk period (Sumer)
• Naqada IIb (Ancient Egypt)
• Early Minoan I
• Sredny Stog culture (final phase)
• Yamna culture (early phase)
• Cucuteni culture
• Vinča culture
• Megalithic Europe (Atlantic fringe)
• Comb Ceramic culture
• Funnelbeaker culture
• Yangshao culture

Artifacts

only approximate dating is usually possible for mid-4th millennium artefacts.

• Kish tablet
• Bronocice pot

Events

• The Sahara Desert starts to form from semi-arid savannah, through desertification.
• c. 3400 BC—Sumerian temple record keepers redesign the stamp seal in the form of a cylinder.

Decades and years

v • d • e Decades and years 35th century BC 37th century BC←36th century BC← ↔ →34th century BC→33rd century BC 3509–3500 BC 3509 BC 3508 BC 3507 BC 3506 BC 3505 BC 3504 BC 3503 BC 3502 BC 3501 BC 3500 BC 3490s BC 3499 BC 3498 BC 3497 BC 3496 BC 3495 BC 3494 BC 3493 BC 3492 BC 3491 BC 3490 BC 3480s BC 3489 BC 3488 BC 3487 BC 3486 BC 3485 BC 3484 BC 3483 BC 3482 BC 3481 BC 3480 BC 3470s BC 3479 BC 3478 BC 3477 BC 3476 BC 3475 BC 3474 BC 3473 BC 3472 BC 3471 BC 3470 BC 3460s BC 3469 BC 3468 BC 3467 BC 3466 BC 3465 BC 3464 BC 3463 BC 3462 BC 3461 BC 3460 BC 3450s BC 3459 BC 3458 BC 3457 BC 3456 BC 3455 BC 3454 BC 3453 BC 3452 BC 3451 BC 3450 BC 3440s BC 3449 BC 3448 BC 3447 BC 3446 BC 3445 BC 3444 BC 3443 BC 3442 BC 3441 BC 3440 BC 3430s BC 3439 BC 3438 BC 3437 BC 3436 BC 3435 BC 3434 BC 3433 BC 3432 BC 3431 BC 3430 BC 3420s BC 3429 BC 3428 BC 3427 BC 3426 BC 3425 BC 3424 BC 3423 BC 3422 BC 3421 BC 3420 BC 3410s BC 3419 BC 3418 BC 3417 BC 3416 BC 3415 BC 3414 BC 3413 BC 3412 BC 3411 BC 3410 BC 3409–3400 BC 3409 BC 3408 BC 3407 BC 3406 BC 3405 BC 3404 BC 3403 BC 3402 BC 3401 BC 3400 BC 3390s BC 3399 BC 3398 BC 3397 BC 3396 BC 3395 BC 3394 BC 3393 BC 3392 BC 3391 BC 3390 BC

v • d • e Centuries and millennia Millennium Century BC 4th 40th 39th 38th 37th 36th 35th 34th 33rd 32nd 31st 3rd 30th 29th 28th 27th 26th 25th 24th 23rd 22nd 21st 2nd 20th 19th 18th 17th 16th 15th 14th 13th 12th 11th 1st 10th 9th 8th 7th 6th 5th 4th 3rd 2nd 1st AD 1st 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 2nd 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 3rd 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th 4th 31st 32nd 33rd 34th 35th 36th 37th 38th 39th 40th

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