509th Operations Group

509th Composite Group
509th Composite Group insignia patch
Active	17 December 1944
Country	United States
Branch	United States Army Air Forces
Type	Composite bombardment group
Role	Nuclear Weapon Bombardment
Size	1767 personnel, 15 B-29 and 5 C-54 aircraft
Part of	313th Bomb Wing Twentieth Air Force
Garrison/HQ	North Field, Tinian, Mariana Islands
Motto	Defensor Vindex- Defender Avenger (Approved 10 July 1952)
Engagements	World War II Asiatic-Pacific Campaign (1945)
Commanders
Notable commanders	Paul Tibbets

The 509th Composite Group was the air combat unit of the United States Army Air Forces during the Second World War tasked with developing and employing a combat delivery system for the Atomic bomb and conducted the attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, in August 1945.

The group later became a medium bombardment group of the Strategic Air Command, as the combat component of the 509th Bomb Wing, before being inactivated in 1952. Its lineage, honors, and history were also bestowed on the like-numbered wing in 1947.

After more than forty years of inactivation, the unit was activated again as the 509th Operations Group. A current unit of the United States Air Force, it is part of the 509th Bomb Wing, conducting the combat and training operations of the B-2 Spirit bomber.

Contents 1 Organization of the 509th Composite Group 1.1 Wartime command organization[1] 1.2 Squadron commanders 1.3 Component support organizations 2 History of the 509th Composite Group 2.1 Organization, training, and security 2.2 Equipment and crews 2.3 Operational history 2.4 Atomic Bomb Missions 2.4.1 Mission compositions 2.5 Post-World War II history 2.6 Campaigns 2.7 Honors 2.8 Insignia 3 History of the 509th Operations Group, USAF 3.1 Organization 4 See also 5 References 5.1 Bibliography 6 External links

Organization of the 509th Composite Group

Wartime command organization^[1]

Position	Name	Dates of service
Group Commander	Col. Paul W. Tibbets,	17 December 1944—22 January 1946
Deputy Group Commander	Lt.Col. Thomas J. Classen	4 May 1945—
Group Operations Officer (S-3)	Major James I. Hopkins, Jr.	17 December 1944—
Group Executive Officer	Lt.Col. Gerald E. Bean	17 December 1944—
Group Adjutant	Captain Thomas L. Karnes	17 December 1944—

Squadron commanders

393rd Bomb Squadron (Very Heavy)

Wartime Commander	Date of command
Major Thomas J. Classen	12 March 1944¹
Lt.Col. Paul W. Tibbets	14 September 1944
Lt.Col. Thomas J. Classen	17 December 1944
Major Charles W. Sweeney	4 May 1945
Postwar Commander	Date of command
Lt.Col. Virgil M. Cloyd	1 July 1946
Lt.Col. Phillip Y. Williams	1 June 1948
Lt.Col. Robert B. Irwin	3 September 1948
Lt.Col. Phillip Y. Williams	15 October 1948
Lt.Col. James I. Hopkins	3 January 1949
Lt.Col. Phillip Y. Williams	20 January 1949
Lt.Col. Jack D. Nole	3 May 1949
Lt.Col. Phillip Y. Williams	13 June 1949
Lt.Col. William S. Martensen	30 June 1949

¹The 393rd Bomb Squadron was part of the 504th Bomb Group (VH) from 12 March 1944, to 14 September 1944. 320th Troop Carrier Squadron

Commander	Date of command
Major Hubert J. Konopacki	17 December 1944¹
Major Charles W. Sweeney	6 January 1945
Captain John J. Casey, Jr.	4 May 1945²

¹The 320th Troop Carrier Squadron was activated on 17 December 1944, and ²disbanded 19 August 1946.

Component support organizations

Unit	Commander	# of personnel
Headquarters and Base Services Squadron	Major George W. Westcott	99
390th Air Service Group	Lt.Col. John W. Porter	190
1027th Air Materiel Squadron	Major Guy Geller	140
603rd Air Engineering Squadron	Captain Earl O. Casey	225
1395th Military Police Company	Captain Louis Schaffer	127
1st Ordnance Squadron (Special, Aviation)	Major Charles F. Begg	298

History of the 509th Composite Group

Organization, training, and security

The 509th Composite Group was constituted on 9 December 1944, and activated on 17 December 1944, at Wendover Army Air Field, Utah, commanded by Colonel Paul W. Tibbets.^[2] Colonel Tibbets had been assigned to organize and command a combat group to develop the means of delivering an atomic weapon by airplane against targets in Germany and Japan. Because the flying squadrons of the group consisted of both bomber and transport aircraft, the group was designated as a "composite" rather than a "bombardment" unit.

Working with the Manhattan Engineering District at Site Y in Los Alamos, New Mexico, Tibbets had selected Wendover for his training base (over Great Bend, Kansas, and Mountain Home, Idaho)^[3] because of its remoteness. On 10 September 1944, the 393rd Bomb Squadron, a unit of B-29 Superfortresses, arrived at Wendover from the 504th Bomb Group (Very Heavy) at Fairmont Army Air Base, Nebraska, where it had been in group training since 12 March. When its parent group deployed to the Marianas in early November 1944, the squadron was assigned directly to the Second Air Force until creation of the 509th CG.^[4] Originally consisting of twenty-one crews, fifteen were selected to continue training and were organized into three flights of five crews, lettered A, B, and C.

The 320th Troop Carrier Squadron, the other flying unit of the 509th, came into being because of the highly secret work of the group. The organization that was to become the 509th required its own transports for the movement of both personnel and materiel, resulting in creation of an ad hoc unit nicknamed "The Green Hornet Line".^[5][6] Crews for this unit were acquired from the six 393rd crews not selected to continue B-29 training, some of whom chose to remain with the 509th rather than be assigned to a replacement pool of the Second Air Force. They began using Curtiss C-46 Commandos and C-47 Skytrains already at Wendover and after November 1944 flew five acquired C-54 Skymasters.^[7] The 320th TCS was formally activated at the same time as the group.^[2]

Other support units were activated at Wendover from personnel already present and working with its Project W-47 (superseded by Project Alberta) or in the 216th Base Unit, both affiliated with the Site Y project. The 390th Air Service Group was created as the command echelon for the 603rd Air Engineering Squadron, the 1027th Air Material squadron, and its own Air Base Support Squadron, but as these units became independent operationally, acted as the basic support unit for the entire 509th Group in providing quarters, rations, medical care, postal service and other basic support functions. The 603rd AES was unique in that it provided depot-level B-29 maintenance in the field, obviating the necessity of sending aircraft back to the United States for major repairs. The 603rd made a number of modifications to the first contract order of Silverplate B-29s that were later incorporated as specifications for the combat models.^[8]

The 393rd Bomb Squadron began replacement of its original B-29s with modified Silverplate airplanes with the delivery of three in mid-October 1944.^[5] These aircraft had extensive bomb bay modifications and a "weaponeer" station installed, but initial training operations identified numerous other modifications necessary to the mission, particularly in reducing the overall weight of the airplane to offset the heavy loads it would be required to carry. Five more Silverplates were delivered in November and six in December, giving the group 14 for its training operations. In January and February 1945, 10 of the 15 crews under the command of the Group S-3 (operations officer) were assigned temporary duty at Batista Field, San Antonio de los Baños, Cuba, where they trained in long-range over-water navigation.^[9]

On 6 March 1945, the 1st Ordnance Squadron (Special, Aviation) was activated at Wendover, again from Army Air Forces personnel on hand or already at Los Alamos, and concurrent with the activation of Project Alberta. Its purpose was to provide trained personnel and special equipment to the group to enable it to assemble atomic weapons at its operating base, thereby allowing the weapons to be transported more safely in their component parts. A rigorous candidate selection process was used to recruit personnel, with reportedly an 80% "washout" rate, and those made a part of the unit were not permitted transfer until the end of the war, nor were they allowed to travel without escorts from Military Intelligence units.^[8]

Two anecdotes illustrate the level of security affecting the 509th's personnel and equipment. En route to Tinian on 4 June 1945, the B-29 that became The Great Artiste made an intermediate stop at Mather Field, near Sacramento, California. The commanding general of the base allegedly attempted to enter the aircraft to inspect it and was warned by a plane guard that he could not do so, with a carbine aimed at the general's chest.^[10] A similar incident occurred to a Project Alberta courier, 2nd Lt. William A. King, transporting the plutonium core of the Fat Man bomb to Tinian, secured to the floor of one of the 509th's C-54s. The transport made a refueling stop at Hickam Field, Hawaii, on 24 July 1945, where the colonel commanding a combat unit returning to the United States learned that the Skymaster had only one passenger. He attempted to enter the C-54 to requisition it as transport for his men, but was prevented by Lt. King, who aimed his .45 caliber automatic pistol at the officer.^[11]

With the addition of the 1st Ordnance Squadron to its roster, the 509th CG had an authorized strength of 225 officers and 1,542 enlisted men, almost all of whom deployed to Tinian. The 320th TCS did not officially deploy but kept its base of operations at Wendover. In addition to its authorized strength, the 509th had attached to it on Tinian 51 civilian and military personnel of Project Alberta, and two representatives from Washington, D.C.,^[12] Brigadier Thomas Farrell (General Leslie Groves' executive officer) and Rear Admiral William R. Purnell of the Military Policy Committee.^[13]

The 509th began replacement of its 14 training Silverplates in February 1945 by transferring four to the 216th Base Unit. In April they began receiving Silverplates of the third modification increment and the remaining ten training B-29s were placed in storage. Each bombardier completed at least 50 practice drops of inert pumpkin bombs and Col. Tibbets declared his group combat-ready.^[14] Preparation for Overseas Movement (POM) began in April.

Equipment and crews

B-29, "ENOLA GAY", 44-86292. Dropped "LITTLE BOY", 6 August 1945, on Hiroshima

B-29, "BOCKSCAR", 44-27297. Dropped "FAT MAN", 9 August 1945, on Nagasaki

Combat B-29's of the 393rd Bomb Squadron

AAF serial #	Victor #	Name	Crew #	Airplane Commander	USAAF Delivery	Arr. Tinian	Tail Code
B-29-36-MO 44-27296	84	Some Punkins	B-7	Capt. James N. Price	19 March 1945	14 June 1945	Large A
B-29-36-MO 44-27297	77	Bockscar	C-13	Capt. Frederick C. Bock	19 March 1945	17 June 1945	Triangle N
B-29-36-MO 44-27298	83	Full House	A-1	Maj. Ralph R. Taylor	20 March 1945	17 June 1945	Square P
B-29-36-MO 44-27299	86	Next Objective	A-3	Capt. Ralph N. Devore	20 March 1945	17 June 1945	Triangle N
B-29-36-MO 44-27300	73	Strange Cargo	A-4	Capt. Joseph E. Westover	2 April 1945	11 June 1945	Large A
B-29-36-MO 44-27301	85	Straight Flush	C-11	Maj. Claude R. Eatherly	2 April 1945	14 June 1945	Triangle N
B-29-36-MO 44-27302	72	Top Secret	B-8	Capt. Charles F. McKnight	2 April 1945	11 June 1945	Large A
B-29-36-MO 44-27303	71	Jabit III	B-6	Maj. John A. Wilson	3 April 1945	11 June 1945	Large A
B-29-36-MO 44-27304	88	Up An' Atom	B-10	Capt. George W. Marquardt	3 April 1945	17 June 1945	Triangle N
B-29-40-MO 44-27353	89	The Great Artiste	C-15	Capt. Charles D. Albury	20 April 1945	28 June 1945	Circle R
B-29-40-MO 44-27354	90	Big Stink	A-5*	Lt.Col. Thomas J. Classen*	20 April 1945	25 June 1945	Circle R
B-29-45-MO 44-86291	91	Necessary Evil	C-14	Capt. Norman W. Ray	18 May 1945	2 July 1945	Circle R
B-29-45-MO 44-86292	82	Enola Gay	B-9	Capt. Robert A. Lewis	18 May 1945	6 July 1945	Circle R
B-29-50-MO 44-86346	94	Luke the Spook	C-12*	Capt. Herman S. Zahn*	15 June 1945	2 August 1945	Square P
B-29-50-MO 44-86347	95	Laggin' Dragon	A-2	Capt. Edward M. Costello	15 June 1945	2 August 1945	Square P

Source:Richard H. Campbell, The Silverplate Bombers, ISBN 0-7864-2139-8

*These crews and aircraft commanders switched airplane assignments on 9 August 1945

Although all of the B-29's were named as shown, the only nose art applied to the aircraft before the atomic bomb missions was that of Enola Gay.^[15] With the exceptions of victors 71 and 94, the others were applied some time in August 1945. Luke the Spook was not named until November 1945, and it is not known if nose art was ever applied to Jabit III,^[16] although the version shown at the 509th Yearbook gallery was first shown in 1997.^[17]

Color images of 393rd Bomb Squadron nose art

Operational history

The ground support echelon of the 509th CG received movement orders in April 1945 and moved by rail to its port of embarkation at Seattle, Washington. On 6 May the support elements sailed on the SS Cape Victory for the Marianas. An advance party of the air echelon flew to North Field, Tinian, on 18 May, where it was joined by the ground echelon on 29 May 1945, marking the group's official change of station.^[6] Project Alberta's "Destination Team" also sent most of its members to Tinian to supervise the assembly, loading, and dropping of the bombs under the administrative title of 1st Technical Services Detachment.^[18]

The air echelon began deploying from Wendover 4 June 1945, with the first B-29 arriving at North Field on 11 June. The group was assigned to the 313th Bomb Wing, whose four groups had been flying missions against Japan since mid-February, but because of security considerations was given a base area near the airfield on the north tip of Tinian, several miles from the main installations in the center part of the island.^[6] Two of the group's bombers were not delivered by Martin-Omaha until early July and remained at Wendover until 27 July to act as transports to Tinian for two of the Fat Man atomic bomb assemblies.^[19]

The group was assigned tail markings of a circle outline around an arrowhead pointing forward, but at the beginning of August, after it began flying combat missions, its fifteen B-29's were given the tail markings of other XXI Bomber Command groups as a security measure. The victor numbers previously assigned the aircraft were changed to avoid confusion with B-29s of the groups from whom the tail identifiers were borrowed.^[20]

Victor numbers 82, 89, 90, and 91 (including the Enola Gay) carried the markings of the 6th Bomb Group (Circle R); victors 71, 72, 73, and 84 those of the 497th Bomb Group (large "A"); victors 77, 85, 86, and 88 those of the 444th Bomb Group (triangle N); and victors 83, 94, and 95 those of the 39th Bomb Group (square P).^[21]

After ground training for the combat crews, the 509th began operations on 30 June 1945, with a calibration flight involving nine of the B-29s on hand. During the month of July and the first eight days of August the thirteen bombers of the 393rd BS flew an intensive training and mission rehearsal program that consisted of:

• 17 individual training sorties without ordnance
• 15 practice bombing missions against Japanese-held Truk, Marcus, Rota, and Guguan, between 1 July and 22 July with 90 B-29s using 500- and 1000-pound bombs to practice mission procedures^[22]
• 12 combat missions against targets in Japan using high-explosive "pumpkin bombs", with 37 B-29s dropping conventional-bomb replications of the Fat Man between 20 July and 29 July^[23]
• 8 component-tests and rehearsal drops of five inert Little Boy and three Fat Man assemblies between 23 July and 8 August^[24]
• a practice mission to Iwo Jima on 29 July in which an inert Little Boy was unloaded and then reloaded to rehearse the contingency plan for using a back-up bomber in an emergency.^[24][25]

While this training was taking place, the disassembled components of the first two atomic bombs were transshipped to Tinian by various means. For the uranium bomb code-named Little Boy, the U-235 projectile and bomb pre-assemblies left Hunters Point Naval Shipyard, California, on 16 July aboard the cruiser USS Indianapolis, arriving 26 July. That same day three C-54s of the 320th TCS left Kirtland Army Air Field each with one of the U-235 target rings and landed at North Field on 28 July.^[26][27]

The components for the bomb code-named Fat Man all arrived by air. On 26 July the bomb's plutonium core (encased in its insertion capsule) and the beryllium-polonium initiator were transported from Kirtland by C-54 in the custody of Project Alberta couriers, also arriving 28 July. The pre-assemblies of Fat Man F-31 were picked up by B-29 at Kirtland on 28 July and reached North Field on 2 August.^[28]

The final item of preparation for the operation came on 29 July 1945. General Carl Spaatz, commanding all strategic bombers in the Pacific, arrived at Tinian with the order for the attack. Drafted by Brig.Gen. Leslie Groves and sent by Gen. George C. Marshall from Potsdam on 25 July,^[29] the order designated four targets: Hiroshima, Kokura, Niigata, and Nagasaki, and ordered the attack to be made "as soon as weather will permit after about 3 August."^[30]

Atomic Bomb Missions

See Main Article: Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

The mission profile for both atomic missions called for weather scouts to precede the strike force by an hour, reporting weather conditions in code over each proposed target. The strike force consisted of a bombing aircraft, with the aircraft commander responsible for all decisions in reaching the target and the bomb commander (weaponeer) responsible for all decisions regarding dropping of the bomb; a blast instrumentation aircraft which would fly the wing of the strike aircraft and drop instruments by parachute into the target area; and a camera ship, which would also carry scientific observers. Each mission would have one "spare" aircraft accompanying it as far as Iwo Jima to take over carrying the bomb if the strike aircraft encountered mechanical problems.

The Hiroshima mission was flown as planned and executed without significant problems or diversion from plan. The Nagasaki mission, however, originally targeted Kokura and encountered numerous problems which resulted in the bombing of the secondary target, a delay in bombing of almost two hours, detonation of the bomb some distance from the designated aiming point, and a diversion of the strike force to emergency landings on Okinawa because of a lack of fuel. However the basic objectives of the mission were met despite the problems.

Lieutenant Jacob Beser flew on both attack aircraft (the only man to do so), although Maj. Charles W. Sweeney and crew observed Hiroshima from The Great Artiste and dropped the bomb on Nagasaki from Bockscar. Lawrence H. Johnston of Project Alberta observed all three nuclear explosions, including the Trinity test.

Mission compositions

Special Mission 13, Primary target Hiroshima, 6 August 1945^[31]

Aircraft	Pilot	Call Sign	Mission role
Straight Flush	Maj. Claude R. Eatherly	Dimples 85	Weather reconnaissance (Hiroshima)
Jabit III	Maj. John A. Wilson	Dimples 71	Weather reconnaissance (Kokura)
Full House	Maj. Ralph R. Taylor	Dimples 83	Weather reconnaissance (Nagasaki)
Enola Gay	Col. Paul W. Tibbets	Dimples 82	Weapon Delivery
The Great Artiste	Maj. Charles W. Sweeney	Dimples 89	Blast measurement instrumentation
Necessary Evil	Capt. George W. Marquardt	Dimples 91	Strike observation and photography
Top Secret	Capt. Charles F. McKnight	Dimples 72	Strike spare—did not complete mission

Special Mission 16, Secondary target Nagasaki, 9 August 1945^[32]

Aircraft	Pilot	Call Sign	Mission role
Enola Gay	Capt. George W. Marquardt	Dimples 82	Weather reconnaissance (Kokura)
Laggin' Dragon	Capt. Charles F. McKnight	Dimples 95	Weather reconnaissance (Nagasaki)
Bockscar	Maj. Charles W. Sweeney	Dimples 77	Weapon Delivery
The Great Artiste	Capt. Frederick C. Bock	Dimples 89	Blast measurement instrumentation
Big Stink	Maj. James I. Hopkins, Jr.	Dimples 90	Strike observation and photography
Full House	Maj. Ralph R. Taylor	Dimples 83	Strike spare—did not complete mission

While the Nagasaki mission was in progress, two B-29's of the 509th took off from Tinian to return to Wendover. Lt.Col. Classen, the deputy group commander, in the unnamed victor 94 and crew B-6 in Jabit III, together with their ground crews, were sent back to stage for the possibility of transporting further bomb assemblies to Tinian.^[16] However the plutonium cores were still at Site Y, and on 13 August Gen. Groves ordered that all shipments of material be stopped. His order reached Los Alamos in time to keep the third bomb from being shipped.^[33] The first Atomic War lasted 9 days, 6 August through 15 August 1945.

After the Nagasaki mission the group continued combat operations, making another series of pumpkin bomb attacks (12 dropped) on 14 August. With the announcement of the Japanese surrender, however, the 509th CG flew three further training missions involving 31 sorties on 18 August 20, and 22, then stood down from operations. The group flew a total of 210 operational sorties from 30 June to 22 August, and aborted four additional flights, with only one aircraft failure to take off. 140 involved the dropping of live ordnance.^[34] 62 sorties received combat credits for missions flown (49 pumpkin bomb and 13 atomic bomb sorties).^[35]

Post-World War II history

In November 1945 the 509th Composite Group left Tinian and relocated to Roswell Army Air Field, New Mexico. The eight Silverplate bombers that had been delivered to Wendover in August also joined the group. Col. William H. Blanchard replaced Col. Tibbets as group commander on 22 January 1946, and also became the first commander of the 509th Bomb Wing.

The Group was assigned to Strategic Air Command on 21 March 1946, being one of the first eleven organizations assigned to SAC. At the time SAC was formed, the 509th Composite Group was the only unit to have experience with nuclear weapons and thus is regarded by many historians as the foundation on which SAC was built. In April 1946 many of the group's aircraft deployed to Kwajalein as part of Operation Crossroads, a series of atomic bomb tests. The remainder became the core of two new squadrons activated as part of the group, the 715th Bomb Squadron and the 830th Bomb Squadron.

On 10 July 1946, the group was renamed the 509th Bombardment Group (Very Heavy) and the 320th TCS was disbanded. With the creation of the United States Air Force as a separate service, the group became the combat component of the 509th Bomb Wing on 17 November 1947, although it was not operational until 14 September 1948, when Col. John D. Ryan was named commander.

The group was redesignated as a medium bomb group in 1948 as part of the Strategic Air Command, and acquired an aerial refueling mission with the assignment of KB-29s. Its 27 operational Silverplate B-29s (the 309th had ultimately received 53 of the 65 produced) were transferred in 1949 to the 97th Bomb Wing at Biggs Air Force Base, El Paso, Texas, when the group converted to B-50 Superfortresses.

Its squadrons were removed on 1 February 1951, and assigned directly to the wing, effectively ending its operations. The 509th was inactivated on 16 June 1952 as part of a SAC (and later Air Force-wide) phase-out of groups.

Campaigns

Air Combat, Asiatic-Pacific Campaign

Air Offensive, Japan

Eastern Mandates

Western Pacific

Honors

Department of the Air Force Special Order GB-294, dated 2 September 1999, awarded the Air Force Outstanding Unit Award (with Valor) to the 509th Composite Group for outstanding achievement in combat for the period 1 July 1945 to 14 August 1945.^[36]

Insignia

In addition to its official insignia, during B-2 stealth bomber test flights, some members of the 509th Bomb Wing procured an unofficial insignia involving an alien, the legend To Serve Man (referring to a famous Twilight Zone episode), and the inscription Gustatus Similis Pullus (Dog Latin for "Tastes Like Chicken").^[37] A second variation carried the term "Classified Test Flight" instead of the Twilight Zone reference, and both harkened to the 509th's connection to the "Roswell UFO incident".^[38]

History of the 509th Operations Group, USAF

509th Operations Group
509th Operations Group
Active	15 July 1993
Country	United States
Branch	United States Air Force
Type	Wing Operations Group
Role	B-2 Combat and Training Operations
Size	4 squadrons
Part of	Air Combat Command
Garrison/HQ	Whiteman Air Force Base, Missouri
Motto	Defensor Vindex

The group was redesignated 509th Operations Group on 12 March 1993, and activated on 15 July as the flying component of the 509th Bomb Wing at Whiteman Air Force Base, Missouri. The 509th is equipped with all 20 of the USAF's B-2 Spirit bombers and its 394th CTS also uses T-38 Talon trainers.

Organization

13th Bomb Squadron

393d Bomb Squadron

The 509th OG consists of four component squadrons:^[39]

• 13th Bomb Squadron

Originally activated as the 325th Bomb Squadron on 6 January 1998. Re-designated the 13th BS ("Grim Reapers") on 23 September 2005, when that unit, flying B-1 Lancers as part of the 7th Operations Group, was inactivated.

• 393d Bomb Squadron

The 393rd BS ("Tigers"), a traditional squadron of the 509th, was activated as a B-2 squadron on 27 August 1993.

• 394th Combat Training Squadron

A Flying Training Unit (FTU), the 394th CTS conducts all flying training connected with the B-2.

• 509th Operations Support Squadron

A non-flying squadron, the 509th OSS ("Hawks") controls all airfield activities at Whiteman.

See also

• Enola Gay
• Paul Tibbets
• Project Alberta
• Pumpkin bomb
• Silverplate

References

 This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Air Force Historical Research Agency.

Bibliography

External links

v • d • e Manhattan Project Sites Hanford Engineer Works · Oak Ridge National Laboratory · Los Alamos National Laboratory · Berkeley Radiation Laboratory · Chicago Metallurgical Laboratory · Trinity Test Site · Project Alberta · Ames Laboratory · Dayton Project Administrators Vannevar Bush · Leslie Groves · J. Robert Oppenheimer · Franklin D. Roosevelt · Harry S. Truman Scientists Hans Bethe · Arthur Compton · Enrico Fermi · Richard Feynman · Klaus Fuchs · Ernest Lawrence · Emilio G. Segrè · Glenn T. Seaborg · Leó Szilárd · Edward Teller · Chien-Shiung Wu Related articles Timeline · History of nuclear weapons · Nuclear weapons and the United States · S-1 Uranium Committee · Chicago Pile-1 (Nuclear Energy) · X-10 Graphite Reactor · Y-12 National Security Complex · Operation Alsos · Smyth Report · 509th Operations Group · Fat Man · Little Boy · Enola Gay · Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki (debate) See also: All articles in the Manhattan Project category

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v • d • e USAAF Second Air Force in World War II Airfields Colorado  · Idaho  · Kansas  · Montana  · Nebraska  · North Dakota  · Oregon  · South Dakota  · Utah  · Washington  · Wyoming Units Commands II Air Support Command · II Bomber Command · II Fighter Command  · IV Air Support Command · XX Bomber Command · XXI Bomber Command · XXII Bomber Command Wings 5th Bombardment · 15th Bombardment Training · 16th Bombardment Operational Training · 17th Bombardment Training · 18th Replacement · 21st Bombardment · 46th Bombardment Operational Training · 58th Bombardment · 73d Bombardment · 315th Bombardment · 316th Bombardment Groups Bombardment 2d Bombardment · 6th Bombardment · 7th Bombardment · 9th Bombardment · 12th Bombardment · 16th Bombardment · 17th Bombardment · 19th Bombardment · 25th Bombardment · 29th Bombardment · 34th Bombardment · 39th Bombardment · 40th Bombardment · 42d Bombardment · 46th Bombardment · 47th Bombardment · 48th Bombardment · 85th Bombardment · 86th Bombardment · 86th Bombardment · 88th Bombardment · 94th Bombardment · 95th Bombardment · 96th Bombardment · 99th Bombardment · 100th Bombardment · 301st Bombardment · 302d Bombardment · 303d Bombardment · 304th Bombardment · 305th Bombardment · 306th Bombardment · 307th Bombardment · 308th Bombardment · 312th Bombardment · 330th Bombardment · 331st Bombardment · 333d Bombardment · 346th Bombardment · 351st Bombardment · 376th Bombardment · 379th Bombardment · 381st Bombardment · 382d Bombardment · 383d Bombardment · 384th Bombardment · 385th Bombardment · 388th Bombardment · 390th Bombardment · 393d Bombardment · 395th Bombardment · 396th Bombardment · 398th Bombardment · 399th Bombardment · 400th Bombardment · 401st Bombardment · 407th Bombardment · 415th Bombardment · 418th Bombardment · 444th Bombardment · 445th Bombardment · 446th Bombardment · 447th Bombardment · 448th Bombardment · 449th Bombardment · 450th Bombardment · 451st Bombardment · 452d Bombardment · 453d Bombardment · 454th Bombardment · 455th Bombardment · 456th Bombardment · 457th Bombardment · 458th Bombardment · 459th Bombardment · 460th Bombardment · 461st Bombardment · 462d Bombardment · 464th Bombardment · 467th Bombardment · 468th Bombardment · 469th Bombardment · 470th Bombardment · 471st Bombardment · 472d Bombardment · 484th Bombardment · 485th Bombardment · 486th Bombardment · 487th Bombardment · 488th Bombardment · 489th Bombardment · 490th Bombardment · 491st Bombardment · 493d Bombardment · 494th Bombardment · 497th Bombardment · 498th Bombardment · 499th Bombardment · 500th Bombardment · 501st Bombardment · 502d Bombardment · 504th Bombardment · 505th Bombardment · 509th Composite Fighter 20th Fighter · 54th Fighter · 84th Fighter · 85th Fighter · 507th Fighter · 508th Fighter Reconnaissance 2d Reconnaissance · 3d Reconnaissance · 4th Reconnaissance · 5th Reconnaissance · 6th Reconnaissance · 7th Reconnaissance · 8th Reconnaissance · 71st Reconnaissance · 77th Reconnaissance Troop Carrier 443d Troop Carrier United States Army Air Forces First  · Second  · Third  · Fourth  · Fifth  · Sixth  · Seventh  · Eighth  · Ninth  · Tenth  · Eleventh  · Twelfth  · Thirteenth  · Fourteenth  · Fifteenth  · Twentieth