8-bit

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In computer architecture, 8-bit integers, memory addresses, or other data units are those that are at most 8 bits (1 octet) wide. Also, 8-bit CPU and ALU architectures are those that are based on registers, address buses, or data buses of that size. 8-bit is also a term given to a generation of computers in which 8-bit processors were the norm.

Eight-bit CPUs normally use an 8-bit data bus and a 16-bit address bus which means that their address space is limited to 64 KB. This is not a "natural law", however, so there are exceptions.

The first widely adopted 8-bit microprocessor was the Intel 8080, being used in many hobbyist computers of the late 1970s and early 1980s, often running the CP/M operating system. The Zilog Z80 (compatible with the 8080) and the Motorola 6800 were also used in similar computers. The Z80 and the MOS Technology 6502 8-bit CPUs were widely used in home computers and game consoles of the 70s and 80s. Many 8-bit CPUs or microcontrollers are the basis of today's ubiquitous embedded systems.

There are 2⁸ (256) possible values for 8 bits.

About 55% of all CPUs sold in the world are 8-bit microcontrollers or microprocessors.

Why 8 bits?

4-bit microprocessors were developed in the early 1970s starting with the Intel 4004. Intel swiftly followed with 8-bit processors, and most competitors to Intel started with 8-bits. Performance and memory limitations meant that 4-bit processors fell out of more demanding applications quickly (4-bit processors are still mass-produced however).

List of 8-bit CPUs

A CPU can be classified on the basis of the data it can access in a single operation. An 8-bit processor can access 8 bits of data in a single operation, as opposed to a 16-bit processor, which can access 16 bits of data in a single operation.

Examples of 8-bit processors (very incomplete):

• Intel 8008
• Intel 8080 (8008 source compatible)
• Intel 8085 (8080 binary compatible)
• Intel 8051 (Harvard architecture)
• Zilog Z80 (8080 binary compatible)
• Zilog Z180 (Z80 binary compatible)
• Zilog Z8
• Zilog eZ80 (Z80 binary compatible)
• Motorola 6800
• Motorola 6803
• Motorola 6809 (partially 6800 compatible)
• MOS Technology 6502
• Microchip PIC10
• Microchip PIC12
• Microchip PIC16
• Microchip PIC18
• Atmel AVR family microcontrollers
• NEC 78K0 series microcontrollers