18 if you count the son of Marie Antoinette and her husband Louis XVI--this boy died during the Revolution. He would be Louis XVII and then his uncle became king after a Revolution and he reigned as Louis XVIII.
Depends on whether you're a raging monarchist or not. Louis XVIII was the last of the 'legitimate' line, but Louis XVII never actually ruled; so you could say 17 or 18 according to taste. If you're an Orleanist, you might add Louis-Philippe, making 19 in all.
18 if you count the son of Marie Antoinette and her husband Louis XVI--this boy died during the Revolution. He would be Louis XVII and then his uncle became king after a Revolution and he reigned as Louis XVIII.
Depends on whether you're a raging monarchist or not. Louis XVIII was the last of the 'legitimate' line, but Louis XVII never actually ruled; so you could say 17 or 18 according to taste. If you're an Orleanist, you might add Louis-Philippe, making 19 in all.
== == Alas, no. The palais des Tuileries was one of the earliest parts of the Louvre to be built; it was the Royal residence when the King was brought back to Paris during the Revolution; it was napoleon's residence during the Empire, and used also by the restored Bourbons until 1830, the Orleanist monarchy until 1848, and by Napoleon III until 1870. Alas, in the disturbances of the Commune after the fall of the Second Empire and the Siege of Paris in 1870, the Palais des Tuileries was burned down. For more details, see my History of Paris at http://www.grenfell-banks.com/WEBSITE2/parihist.htm
After Napoleon Bonapaparte was depoosed in 1815 the Royal family (House of Bourbon) was restored to the throne of France and ruled from 1815 to 1848 when they were again deposed and replaced by Napoleon III; who in turn was deposed in 1870 when France was conquered by Germany in the Franco-Prussian War.
Since then the Bourbons have maintained pretender status, claiming the title of King of France but not being officially recognized by the French government. Ther are two branches of the Bourbon dynasty that currently claim the throne. Of the Legitimist Branch of the Bourbon dynasty, Louis Alphonse, Duke of Anjou claims the title as King Louis XX; while the Orleanist Branch of the Bourbon Dynasty claims Prince Henri, Count of Paris, and Duke of France is the rightful heir as King Henry VII
financial difficulties of the French government
.expenditure on war, Austria session war, Spanish session war,7 year war over Canada with Britain and the war of American independence.Which lead to bankruptcy.
EXCESSIVE CORRUPTION
.Tax farmers
.Extravagant expenditure of the ruler of France{Bourbon}
BUILDING OF VERSAILLES
.By Louis XIV
GRIVERANCES OF THE 3rd ESTATES
THE MIDDLE CLASS BOURGEOIS
,Concerned for social equality in France in spite of success and wealth
.feared that the money"s they had loan to the gov"t will be lost
.wanted a say in the government
PEASANTS
.EXCESSIVE TAXATION.
.land tax{Tallie}
.20% of their income{vingtieme}
.salt tax{gabelle}
.tithe to the church
. labor tax{cervee}
.poll tax
.land!
. INFLUENCE OF LEADERS OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT
Montesquieu
Voltaire
Rousseau
COMPLEX GOVERNMENT
OBSTACLES EXISTED IN THE kings POWER
.CHURCH AS AN INSTITUTION{GALICAN}
.NOBILITY
.PARLEMENT{HIGH COURT}
The Spanish persecutions of the descendants of Lakan Dula, the last king of a pre - hispanic kingdom based on what we know today as Manila, continued and intensified, but a lot of descendants maintained their native surnames like lakandula, dula, dulay, gatdula, dulayan, abdullah, rebadulla, dulatre, duldulao, dulayba, lakandola, lacandalo, lacandola, lacandula, dula - torre and many others revolving around the root word "dula". During the intense persecution of the Spaniards on the native aristocracy, some descendants have to disregard the "dula" root word and adopted totally different native sounding surnames for disguise, like magsaysay, lontoc, agbayani, acuna, salonga, gatchalian, bacani, macapagal, guingona, gatpandan, pangilinan, sumuroy, dagohoy, kalaw, salalima, soliman, pilapil, mabini, pagdanganan, macalintal, angara, bamba, datumanong, panganiban, katigbak, macarambon, sakay, aglipay, kasilag, salamat, karingal, kiram, daza, lacanilao, lacanlale, gatchalian, manalo, lagumbay, tamano, ilagan, bunye, pangandaman, maliksi, neri, silang, badoy, puno, lapid, ziga, nalupta, binay, gatbonton, sinsuat, capulong, puyat, gatmaitan, macuja, dagami, ablan, capinpin, punongbayan, madlangbayan, gatlabayan, batungbakal, cabangbang, roa, sumulong, gustilio, calungsod, capangoy, kapunan, etc, but continued fighting for the liberation of the natives from Spain. Some of the descendents hid their Lakan Dula heritage by changing their names into the likes of guevara, aguinaldo, legaspi, aquino, mendoza, osmena, de Leon, estanislao, laurel, fernando, ejercito, delapaz, mercado, santos, bonifacio, de guzman, etc, while some adopted chinese surnames of their mother like lim, uy, go, tan, etc, but they continued to pursue a belligerant posture against Spain. There are however few who were forced to collaborate with the Spanish authority. Wishing to avoid the persecution experienced by his latter ancestors, Lakan Dula's great grandson Juan Macapagal, for instance, aided the Spanish authorities in suppressing the 1660 Kapampangan revolt of Francisco Maniago, and the Pangasinan revolt of Andrés Malong, and the 1661 Ilocano revolt. To some natives, this is an act of treason against their cause, but some leaders understand this as a heroism to save the future descendants of Lakan Dula.
What was historically regarded as a mere historical artifacts, the kingdom recently attracted interest among respected historians and anthropologist because of a recent findings that Lakan Banao Dula and his descendants seem to be systematically hiding his bloodline into secured places near sea and river routes with an intention to recapture the kingdom in a future time. He seem to be hiding a cadet branch of the bloodline revolving around the traditional reign of the first born son of the first born son which is practice even today by conservative Filipino families. In history and heraldry, a cadet branch consists of the male-line descendants of a monarch or patriarch's younger sons (cadets). In the ruling dynasties and noble families of much of Europe and Asia, the family's major assets-realm, titles, fiefs, property and income-have historically been passed from a father to his firstborn son in what is known asprimogeniture; younger sons-cadets-inherited less wealth and authority to pass to future generations of descendants. In families and cultures in which this was not the custom or law, as in the feudal Holy Roman Empire, equal distribution of the family's holdings among male members was eventually apt to so fragment the inheritance as to render it too small to sustain the descendants at the socio-economic level of their forefather. Moreover, brothers and their descendants sometimes quarreled over their allocations, or even became estranged. While agnatic primogeniture became a common way of keeping the family's wealth intact and reducing familial disputes, it did so at the expense of younger sons and their descendants. Both before and after adoption of inheritance by primogeniture, younger brothers sometimes vied with older brothers to be chosen their father's heir or, after the choice was made, sought to usurp the elder's birthright (cf. Jacob and Esau).
The first born son of Lakan Dula is Batang Dula (younger Dula in local Tagalog dialect). Batang Dula is married to a Spanish girl. The eldest son of Batang Dula is David Dula y Goiti who was hidden somewhere in the Visayan Islands. This seem to provide a clue of a probable existence of cadet branch of the Kingdom of Lakan Dula. In such cases, primary responsibility for promoting the family's prestige, aggrandizement, and fortune fell upon the senior branch for future generations. A cadet, having less means, was not expected to produce a family. If a cadet chose to raise a family, its members were expected to maintain the family's social status by avoiding derogation, but could pursue endeavors that might be considered demeaning for the senior branch, such as emigration to another sovereign's realm, or engagement in commerce, or a profession such as law, academia, or civil service. In some cases, cadet branches eventually inherited the crown of the senior line, e.g. the Bourbon Counts of Vendôme mounted the throne of France (after civil war) in 1593; the House of Savoy-Carignan succeeded to the kingdoms of Sardinia (1831) and Italy (1861); the Counts Palatine of Zweibrücken obtained the Palatine Electorate (1799) and the Kingdom of Bavaria (1806); and a deposed Duke of Nassau was restored to sovereignty in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (1890). In other cases, a junior branch came to eclipse more senior lines in rank and power, e.g. the Kings of Prussia and German Emperors who were junior by primogeniture to theCounts and Princes of Hohenzollern, and the Electors and Kings of Saxony who were a younger branch of the House of Wettin than the Grand Dukes of Saxe-Weimar. A still more junior branch of the Wettins, headed by the rulers of the small Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, would, through diplomacy or marriage in the 19th and 20th centuries, obtain the royal crowns of, successively, Belgium, Portugal, Bulgaria and the Commonwealth realms. Also, marriage to cadet males of the Houses of Oldenburg (Holstein-Gottorp), Polignac, and Bourbon-Parma brought those dynasties patrilineally to the thrones of Russia, Monaco, and Luxembourg, respectively. The Dutch royal house has, at different times, been a cadet branch of Mecklenburg and Lippe(-Biesterfeld). In the Commonwealth realms, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, and his male-line descendants are cadet members of the house of Glücksburg. By contrast, it was also sometimes possible for cadet branches to sink in status, either due to diminished fortune or genealogical distance from the reigning line. Such was the case of the Capetian branch of the princes de Courtenay, the last male of which died in 1733 without ever having been recognized by the French crown as dynastic princes du sang despite their undisputed but remote male-line descent from Louis VI of France. Likewise, the principi di Ottajano, an extant branch of the House of Medici eligible to inherit the grand duchy of Tuscany when the last male of the senior branch died in 1737, were bypassed by the intervention of Europe's major powers, which allocated the titleelsewhere. Although the Romanovs mounted Russia's throne in 1613 due to kinship-by-marriage to a tsar (Ivan the Terrible) descended from the 9th century founding rulerRurik, when in 1880 Tsar Alexander II wed Catherine Dolgorukov, a Rurikid princess, the marriage and its progeny were deemed morganatic. Some Philippine historians theorized that the cadet branch of Lakan Dula Kingdom is headed by a guy named Tallano, or some says that its a Macapagal, or the Sultanate of Sulo. But the more conservative one are saying that the real descendants actually know who is really their hereditary leader, because he is identified in their own history.But the secretive hereditary leader and the real descendants are keeping this kingdom's well - protected secret among themselves because they probably thought that it is not yet time to consolidate.They might even deny it in public when asked. Some examples of secretive cadet branch of kingdom where as follows: