Fascism not limited to Italy and Germany, but it succeeded to acquire power in both countries :
•Hungary was one of the birthplaces of fascism.
•France: two major movements in the Action française and the Jeunesses patriotes (founded by the champagne magnate Pierre Taittinger in 1924 as a direct-action squad of students and youths).
•Romania had its National-Christian movement devoted to strikebreaking, disrupting liberal professor's classes, and campaigning to restrict the number of Jews in universities and the professions.
•Britain: Oswald Mosley's fascist movement was significant in the late 1920s and 1930s.
•Spain under Franco
•Portugal under Salazar
■Common origins and character (based on historian George Mosse, "The Genesis of Fascism"):
•A general "revolutionary" movement of the 1920s and 30s with common origins:
•attack on liberalism, faith in science and reason
•reassertion of individualism based not on reason but on emotion, instinct, and "the soul."
•a response to shared feelings of alientation from the modern age or "modernity" (1890s to 1940s), working for the restoration of what was deemed "traditional," be it morality, ethnic composition of a nation, etc.
•emphasis on action as opposed to thoughtful contemplation, reasonable debate, planning, etc.
•appealed to World War I veterans, who sought to re-experience the élan of the battlefield through activism, comraderie at home, action in paramilitary bands.
•a movement of youth, mainly bourgeois whether veterans or not, in rebellion against the existing social order
•key political element was directing the "revolt" into political crusades to realize the binding together of the 'true nation' and to restore the dignity of the individual though his re-uniting with his fellows who are part of the "race," "the Nation," or the "Volk."