Under the Umayyads, Mawali (ornon-Arab Muslims) were traditionally excluded from political and socialaffairs. The Umayyad rulers, in particular, treated them as second-class M
…uslims.The evidence of this treatment was that Mawali were not allowed to havemany government positions and that they were taxed whereas Arab Muslimswere not taxed at all. Mawali made up an important component of theUmayyad Caliphate, especially Persians. Persia was always a high seat ofculture in the Islamic Empire. As a result, ideas moved quite freelythroughout Persia and Persians considered themselves to be of equalworth to Arabs. Conversely, under the Abbassids, consistently treated Mawalis likePersians equal to or better than their Arab brethren which createdanimosity and a sense of betrayal. Many Arabs saw the Persians as themajor backers of the Caliphate and that they were a tool for Persianinterests. It was also perceived that the Persians were first servantsto the caliphs but climbed way up the social ladder to a place they didnot belong. ( Full Answer )