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In finance, accrued interest is the interest that
has accumulated since the principal
investment, or since the previous interest payment if there has been one already. For a
financial instrument such as a bond,
interest is calculated and paid in set intervals.
Formula
The primary formula for calculating the interest accrued in a given period is:
IA = T×P×R
where IA is the accrued interest, T
is the fraction of the year, P is the principal, and R is
the annualized interest rate.
T is calculated as follows:
where DP is the number of days in the period, and DY is the number of days in the year.
A compounding instrument adds the previously accrued interest to the principal each
period.
The main variables that affect the calculation are the period between interest payments and the day count convention used to
determine the fraction of year, and the date rolling convention in use.
Day count conventions
-
Common day count conventions that affect the accrued interest calculation are:
- actual/360 (days per month, days per year)
Each month is treated normally and the year is assumed to be 360 days e.g. in a period from February 1, 2005 to April 1, 2005
T is considered to be 59 days divided by 360.
Each month is treated as having 30 days, so a period from February 1, 2005 to April 1, 2005 is considered to be 60 days. The
year is considered to have 360 days. This convention is frequently chosen for ease of calculation: the payments tend to be
regular and at predictable amounts.
Each month is treated normally, and the year is assumed to have 365 days, regardless of leap year status. For example, a
period from February 1, 2005 to April 1, 2005 is considered to be 59 days. This convention results in periods having slightly
different lengths.
- actual/actual (ACT/ACT) - (1)
Each month is treated normally, and the year has the usual number of days. For example, a period from February 1, 2005 to
April 1, 2005 is considered to be 59 days. In this convention leap years do affect the final result.
- actual/actual (ACT/ACT) - (2)
Each month is treated normally, and the year is the number of days in the current coupon period multiplied by the number of
coupons in a year e.g. if the coupon is payable 1st February and August then on April 1, 2005 the days in the year is 362 i.e.
181 (the number of days between 1 February and 1 August 2005) x 2 (semi-annual).
Date rolling
Date rolling comes into effect because many instruments can only pay out accrued
interest on business days. This often results in interest accruing for a slightly shorter
or longer period. Common date rolling conventions are:
- Following business day. The payment date is rolled to the next business day.
- Modified following business day. The payment date is rolled to the next business day, unless doing so would cause the
payment to be in the next calendar month, in which case the payment date is rolled to the previous business day. Many
institutions have month-end accounting procedures that necessitate this.
- Previous business day. The payment date is rolled to the previous business day.
- Modified previous business day. The payment date is rolled to the previous business day, unless doing so would cause
the payment to be in the previous calendar month, in which case the payment date is rolled to the next business day. Many
institutions have month-end accounting procedures that necessitate this.
See also
References
External links
- ISDA - standards body governing day count convention
alongside ISMA.
- ISDA - ISDA PDF discussion of
ISDA/ISMA/AFB Actual/Actual day count conventions.
- jFin pure java open source implementation of financial
date arithmetic
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Bond market |
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| Types of bonds by issuer |
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| Types of bonds by payout |
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| Derivatives |
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| Pricing |
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| Yield analysis |
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| Credit and spread analysis |
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| Interest rate models |
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