| Acesulfame potassium | |
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potassium 6-methyl-2,2-dioxo-2H-1,2λ6,3-oxathiazin-4-olate |
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Other names
Acesulfame K Ace K |
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| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | 55589-62-3  |
| PubChem | 23683747 |
| ChemSpider | 11262939 |
| UNII | 23OV73Q5G9 |
| EC number | 259-715-3 |
| Jmol-3D images | Image 1 |
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| Properties | |
| Molecular formula | C4H4KNO4S |
| Molar mass | 201.242 |
| Appearance | white crystalline powder |
| Density | 1.81 g/cm3 |
| Melting point |
225 °C, 498 K, 437 °F |
| Solubility in water | 270 g/L at 20 °C |
 (verify) (what is:  / ?)Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) |
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| Infobox references | |
Acesulfame potassium is a calorie-free artificial sweetener, also known as Acesulfame K or Ace K (K being the symbol for potassium), and marketed under the trade names Sunett and Sweet One. In the European Union, it is known under the E number (additive code) E950.[1] It was discovered accidentally in 1967 by German chemist Karl Clauss at Hoechst AG (now Nutrinova).[2] In chemical structure, acesulfame potassium is the potassium salt of 6-methyl-1,2,3-oxathiazine-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide. It is a white crystalline powder with molecular formula C4H4KNO4S and a molecular weight of 201.24 g/mol.[3]
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Contents
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Properties
Acesulfame K is 180-200 times sweeter than sucrose (table sugar), as sweet as aspartame, about half as sweet as saccharin, and one-quarter as sweet as sucralose. Like saccharin, it has a slightly bitter aftertaste, especially at high concentrations. Kraft Foods has patented the use of sodium ferulate to mask acesulfame's aftertaste.[4] Acesulfame K is often blended with other sweeteners (usually sucralose or aspartame). These blends are reputed to give a more sugar-like taste whereby each sweetener masks the other's aftertaste, and/or exhibits a synergistic effect by which the blend is sweeter than its components.
Unlike aspartame, acesulfame K is stable under heat, even under moderately acidic or basic conditions, allowing it to be used in baking, or in products that require a long shelf life. In carbonated drinks, it is almost always used in conjunction with another sweetener, such as aspartame or sucralose. It is also used as a sweetener in protein shakes and pharmaceutical products,[5] especially chewable and liquid medications, where it can make the active ingredients more palatable.
Discovery
Acesulfame Potassium was developed after the accidental discovery of a similar compound (5,6-dimethyl-1,2,3-oxathiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide) in 1967 by Karl Clauss and Harald Jensen at Hoechst AG.[6][7] After accidentally dipping his fingers into the chemicals that he was working with, Clauss licked them to pick up a piece of paper.[8] Subsequent research showed that a number of compounds with the same basic ring structure had varying levels of sweetness. 6-methyl-1,2,3-oxathiazine-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide had particularly favourable taste characteristics and was relatively easy to synthesize, so it was singled out for further research, and received its generic name (Acesulfame-K) from the World Health Organization in 1978.[6]
Safety
As with other artificial sweeteners, there is concern over the safety of acesulfame potassium. Although studies of these sweeteners show varying and controversial degrees of dietary safety[citation needed], the United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) has approved their general use. Critics[who?] say acesulfame potassium has not been studied adequately and may be carcinogenic, although these claims have been dismissed by the US FDA[9] and by equivalent authorities in the European Union.[10]
Some potential effects associated with Acesulfame K have appeared in animal studies. Acesulfame K has been shown to stimulate dose-dependent insulin secretion in rats, though no hypoglycemia was observed.[11]
One rodent study showed no increased incidence of tumors in response to administration of acesulfame K.[12] In this study, conducted by the National Toxicology Program, 60 rats were given acesulfame K for 40 weeks, making up as much as 3% of their total diet (which would be equivalent to a human consuming 1,343 12-oz cans of artificially sweetened soda every day). There was no sign that these (or lower) levels of acesulfame K increased the rats' risk of cancer or other neoplasms.[13] Further research in terms of food safety has been recommended.[14][15]
Compendial status
See also
References
- ^ "Natural Products Expo/SupplyExpo Ingredient Standards & Guidelines". Penton Media, Inc. http://www.newhope.com/standards/exhibitor/ingred_guidelines.html. Retrieved 23 Feb 2010.
- ^ Clauss K., Jensen H. (1973). "Oxathiazinone Dioxides - A New Group of Sweetening Agents". Angewandte Chemie International Edition 12 (11): 869–876. doi:10.1002/anie.197308691.
- ^ David J. Ager, David P. Pantaleone, Scott A. Henderson, Alan R. Katritzky, Indra Prakash, D. Eric Walters (1998). "Commercial, Synthetic Nonnutritive Sweeteners" (PDF). Angewandte Chemie International Edition 37 (13-24): 1802–1817. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19980803)37:13/14<1802::AID-ANIE1802>3.0.CO;2-9. http://ufark12.chem.ufl.edu/Published_Papers/PDF/728.pdf.
- ^ United States Patent 5,336,513
- ^ http://www.who.int/prequal/trainingresources/pq_pres/TrainingZA-April07/Excipients.ppt
- ^ a b Nabors, Lyn O'Brien; Lyn O'Brien-Nabors (2001). Alternative sweeteners. New York, N.Y: Marcel Dekker. pp. 13. ISBN 0-8247-0437-1.
- ^ Williams, Richard J.; Goldberg, Israel (1991). Biotechnology and food ingredients. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. ISBN 0-442-00272-6.
- ^ Newton, David E. (2007). Food Chemistry (New Chemistry). New York: Facts on File. pp. 69. ISBN 0-8160-5277-8.
- ^ Kroger M, Meister K, Kava R (April 2006). "Low-calorie Sweeteners and Other Sugar Substitutes: A Review of the Safety Issues". Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 5 (2): 35–47. doi:10.1111/j.1541-4337.2006.tb00081.x.
- ^ http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scf/out52_en.pdf
- ^ Liang Y; Steinbach G, Maier V, Pfeiffer EF (1987). "The effect of artificial sweetener on insulin secretion. 1. The effect of acesulfame K on insulin secretion in the rat (studies in vivo)". Horm Metab Res 19 (6): 233–238. doi:10.1055/s-2007-1011788. PMID 2887500.
- ^ "Toxicity studies of acesulfame potassium" (PDF). National institutes of health. http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/files/GMM2_Web.pdf. Retrieved 2009-04-01.
- ^ Public Health Service. "Toxicity Studies of Acesulfame Potassium". http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/files/GMM2_Web.pdf. Retrieved 30 March 2008.
- ^ Soffritti, Morando. "Acesulfame Potassium: Soffritti Responds". http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1570058. Retrieved 30 March 2008.
- ^ Karstadt, Myra L.. "Testing Needed for Acesulfame Potassium, an Artificial Sweetener". http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1570055. Retrieved 30 March 2008.
- ^ British Pharmacopoeia Commission Secretariat (2009). "Index, BP 2009". http://www.pharmacopoeia.co.uk/pdf/2009_index.pdf. Retrieved 4 February 2010.
External links
- Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives evaluation monograph of Acesulfame Potassium
- FDA approval of Acesulfame Potassium
- FDA approval of Acesulfame Potassium as a General Purpose Sweetener in Food
- International Food Information Council article (IFIC) Foundation Everything You Need to Know About Acesulfame Potassium
- Whole Foods Market Health Info Acesulfame K
- Elmhurst College, Illinois Virtual ChemBook Acesulfame K
- Hazardous substances databank entry at the national library of medicine (outdated source)
- Discovery News Sweeteners Linger in Groundwater
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