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An ancient region of southern Greece occupying the northern part of the Peloponnesus on the Gulf of Corinth. The cities of the region banded together in the early third century B.C. to form the Achaean League, which defeated Sparta but was eventually beaten by the Romans, who annexed Achaea in 146 B.C. and later gave the name to a province that included all of Greece south of Thessaly.
Achaea, Achaeans (Achaioi). In historical times these denoted two regions and peoples, one in south-east Thessaly (Phthiotan Achaea), the other a narrow strip in the north of the Peloponnese between Elis and Sicyon, a territory comprising twelve small towns forming a loose confederacy. In Homer the names are used both in a restricted and in a general sense. They may denote the region and people in south Thessaly where Achilles lived, and also the people in the north-east Peloponnese (Argolis), the followers of Agamemnon who ruled Mycenae and the surrounding area. But they may also denote, by extension, Greece and the Greeks in general. Modern scholars sometimes use the name ‘Achaeans’ to refer to the Greeks of the Mycenaean period. Peloponnesian Achaea plays little part in Greek history until the third and second centuries BC when the Achaean Confederacy became the chief power in Greece. From 146 BC this area was attached to the Roman province of Macedonia, but in 27 BC the name Achaea was given to the senatorial province which included a large part of Greece.
| Achaea Prefecture Νομός Αχαΐας |
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|---|---|
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| Periphery | West Greece |
| Capital | Patras |
| Population | 331,316 (2005)Ranked 5th |
| Area | 3,271 km² Ranked 14th |
| Population density | 101.3/km²Ranked 9th |
| Number of provinces | 3 |
| Number of municipalities | 21 |
| Number of communities | 2 |
| Postal codes | 25x xx - 26x xx |
| Area codes | 2610, 269x0 |
| Licence plate code | ΑΧ |
| ISO 3166-2 code | GR-13 |
| Website | http://www.achaia.gr/ |
Achaea (Greek: Ἀχαΐα, Achaïa) is an ancient province and a present prefecture of Greece, on the northern coast of the
Peloponnese, stretching from the mountain ranges of
Achaea is bounded on the west by the territory of Elis, on the east by that of Sicyon, which, however, was sometimes included in it. The population in 2001 had reached over 300,000.
Its geography features the Omblos to the east Erymanthos mountains to the centre, the mountains including Marathia to the east, Chelmos or Aroania in the southeast, the Skollis in the southwest, Movri to the west and Mavros Oros to the west. Rivers ordered from west to east includes the Larissos, Tytheos, Parapeiros and the Charadros to the northwest and the Selinountas and the Vouraikos and several others to the east. Most of the forests are in the mountain ranges, several are in the plains including the extreme west and grasslands around the mid-elevation areas and barren lands in the uppermost areas.
Its climate has hot summers and mild winters. Sunny days dominate during the summer months in areas within the beaches and partially cloudy and rainy in the mountains. Snow is very common during the winter in the mountains of Erymanthus, Panachaicus and Aroania. Winter high temperatures are around the 10°C mark throughout the low lying areas.
The origin of the name has given rise to much speculation; Achaean is a common term for the
Greek troops in Homer. Possibly corresponding are the Ahhiawa of 13th century BC Hittite texts. The Achaeans proper in the Catalogue of Ships are
from Argos and
In Ancient Roman times the name of the province of Achaea was given to the whole of Greece, except Thessaly, most of Epirus, and Acarnania. It is in this latter enlarged meaning that the name is always used in the New Testament (e.g., Acts 18:12, 27; 19:21; Romans 15: 26; 16:5). It was conquered and incorporated into the Roman Empire in the year 146 BC. Emperor Augustus established Achaea as a senatorial province; generally speaking, the region benefited from the enlightened attitude of Roman emperors such as Augustus. This was because Achaea was in closer proximity to Rome than other provinces, so it was given political advantages and greater status in order for the Roman court to maintain a political equilibrium within the empire.[1]
The rule of Achaea in Roman times was placed under the Senate while a preconsul of Praetorian rank was appointed as its governor with the administrative seat in Corinth.[1] However, there was no strong vice of Roman control over Achaea, since no Roman garrisons were posted there, native religious and social groups were widely tolerated by the Romans, and a general sense of free determination amongst the Greeks was commonplace.
After the reign of Augustus the province of Achaea was combined with Macedonia from the years 15 until 44, coinciding with the frontier troubles. This combined imperial province was overseen by a governor placed at Moesia along the Danube River.
In the year 67, Emperor Nero declared Greece to be politically free from the Roman Empire, and the Greeks began their own autonomous rule. However, Roman authority over Greece was reestablished soon after with Emperor Vespasian, who placed the province once again in the hands of the Roman Senate.
Roman control over Achaea was firm until the reign of Diocletian in the late 3rd century, yet it remained a Roman province until the ultimate fall of Rome in the 5th century.
In the 13th century the Principality of Achaea was founded in Greece after the Fourth Crusade.
The Principality of Achaea fell to the Ottoman Empire in the mid-15th century. The area was later invaded by the Venetians in the late-16th and the 17th centuries and later invaded by the Ottomans again.
In 1821, it became part of Greece. During the Greek War of Independence, Aigio was the first city to be liberated by the Greek and several villages days after as well as the city of Patras. Achaea or Achaia later produced several heroes including Kanaris, Zaimis and Roufos and prime ministers of Greece including Andreas Michalakopoulos as well as some head of states.
In the first years of the country, the prefecture amalgamated to form the prefecture of Achaea-Elis of Achaea and Elis until 1899 and covered an area of around 6,000 km², the older enlarged again in 1909 and did not finally split again until 1936. The area of Mataragka remained historically Ilia until the 1990s along with the area of Vouprasi.
Georgios Mavrommatis (ran in 1828) was the first prefectural head in modern Achaea and Georgios Glarakis was the first leader that ran in the 1830s.
Achaea saw an influx of refugees that arrived from Asia Minor during the Greco Turkish War of
After World War II and the Greek Civil War, much of its buildings were rebuilt and took several years.
In the 20th century, the Area which excluded Metochi reverted from Ilia as the municipality of Kalotychia became Vouprasias. That part had been a part of Ilia, then Elis during the ancient times. Another reorganization reverted Mataranga and Spata into the prefecture of Achaia and the municipality of Larissos.
A mid-1994 late-night (around 3 AM local time) earthquake rumbled the area with a magnitude around 5 on the Richter scale. This was a minor one. It was after another earthquake. A forest fire consumed the northern part of the Panachaicus in the mid-1990s. Many municipalities were recreated between 1994, several more and 1997 and several others in 1998 which revived Tritaia, Movri, Erymanthos, Kalavryta and many more. Every administrative community became municipal and communal districts.
Mudslides numbering around 1,500 occurred between 1950 and 2005 according the university study, much of the mudslides occurred to the north and the central parts. Mudslides are one of the most in all of Greece.
Announced in the mid-2000s, a reservoir will dam up the tributaries of Tytheos and the Parapeiros rivers which will created a lake of the size of about 20 km² and will be located between east of Loussika and Tritaia southwest of Farres. It will supply water and produce electricity to most of the prefecture. In rankings, it will become the prefecture's largest lake and the third artificial lake.
Recently, Achaea or Achaia was struck by several forest fires (July 2007), one included Dervenakia in July 18, Patras on July 19 and several days later (July 24), the heatwave that had spread throughout the southern and the southeastern parts of the continent brought fire to the prefecture which spread to several villages south of Aigio including Mavriki, Paraskevi, Kounina, Pteri, Mamoussia and several more within the Selinountas valley and another in the northeastern slopes of the Panachaiko. Flames were towering as high as 50 m in altitudes as high as 1,200 m, seen as far as 70 to 80 km away. Smoke reached as high as 400 to 600 m above ground level. Smoke covered several villages. A day later, with the fire spreading out of control, flames became more dangerous and spread into Kato Pteri, Ano Diakopto, Zachloritika, Kato Zachloritika, up to the Gulf of Corinth along with Selinountos and Valimitika and consumed an area of over 200 km². The fire destroyed hundreds of houses and buildings, farmlands including olive groves and grapevines and cut off roads. Livestock including cattle where not spared. The event severely dented the areas agricultural economy. Almost 70 to 80% of the areas farmlands in the valleys and plains were destroyed but not some of its windmills. The flames ended in most of the villages including Kounina on July 28. The fire ended in most of Aigialeia on July 29. Arson is suspected to be the cause of the fire. Another fire occurred nearly a month later in the area of Patras and later on Kalfa and consumed several forests and houses in a few villages within that vicinity on Sunday August 27. Firefighters along with their vehicles and planes battled the blaze for hours and ended before the fire ended in Ilia and Arcadia prefectures. Several repairs are being made in these affected areas.
Achaea today has about one-third of its peninsula's inhabitants and two-thirds of Achaia living in the Patra area which is the capital of Achaea and the Peloponnese, and more than half of the population live in the city (municipality). It is also the third largest city in Greece excluding Piraeus. The main industrial area is 20 km south of the city near Phares, and Tsoukoulaiíka and Vrachnaiíka.
Aigion is a seaside city with a city hall and a city square is in its heart. The population is around 30,000.
There are two skiing resorts, one on the Panachaicus west of the mountain top (elevation around 1700 m) east of Patras—it will be Nafpaktos's closest because of the new bridge (mid-2004)—and the other on Aroania, sometimes still called Chelmos, near Kalavrita. It is Kalavrita's closest resort.
Kalavrita is a town situated more than 70 km to the east via the road from Achaea's capital. A few kilometres to its west is a monastery situated on the peak of the hill. Its name is Aghía Lávra. 12 to 20 km east, is Cave Lakes where lakes are inside this brilliant cave. It is open to tourists, and the length is around 300 to 500 m. A skiing resort is on Mount Chelmos. The mountain hosts the most modern Greek telescope, named Aristarchus (after the ancient Greek astronomer - Aristarchus of Samos) and operated by the National Observatory of Athens A narrow gauge railway track runs for 30 km and acts as a tourist attraction (mainly). The track begins near Kalavrita and ends off Diakopton.
Achaia has the most supermarkets in the Peloponnese and the western part of Greece.
Temeni is a place where the famous spring water Avra (Άυρα) or Aúra is manufactured. It is owned by Tria Epsilon, a division of Coca-Cola Company and a parent.
There are no oil refineries except for a small refinery near Rio.
There are two main bus terminals in the cities of Patras and Aigio.
The main highways are:
Pavement began in the 1960s, the 1970s and the 1980s
A bypass which bypasses Patras begun construction in 1990, and extended construction to GR-33 in 1992, Savalia in 1993, East Patra or Patras in 1995, and in 1998 into GR-8. Lights were installed in the early 2000s on the beltway, and opened to traffic on late 2003. It starts from near Roitika and ends just south of Rhion.
GR-8 was the first superhighway, along with GR-5 in the prefecture. The beltway is the second, and the bridge will be the third. Its length now has almost 100 km of superhighway. Its length was only 70 to 75 km until 2003.
The Rio-Antirio bridge, which started construction in 2000 (though plans had been made throughout the 1990s, and was supposed to begin in those years), opened in mid-2004, connecting the mainland and the Peloponnese. This eliminated much of the ferry service which has been used for about half a century for automobiles. Since then, there is only the rare ferry service in the city of Aigio(n), which is the ferry route to Aghios Nikolaos in Phocis.
A future superhighway between Patras and Pyrgos was announced in the winter of 2003 and will be in plan, but no date has been set.
Here are the cities ranked by the largest, as of 2003.
| Municipality | YPES code | Seat (if different) | First existence | Refounded |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aigeira | 0701 | Aigeira | - | - |
| Aigio | 0702 | Aigio | - | - |
| Akrata | 0703 | Akrata | - | 1997 |
| Aroania | 0704 | Psofida | - | - |
| Diakopto | 0706 | Diakopto | - | 1997 |
| Dymi | 0707 | Kato Achaïa | - | 1997 |
| Erineos | 0708 | Kamares | - | 1994 |
| Farres | 0722 | Chalandritsa | - | 1997 |
| Kalavryta | 0709 | Kalavryta | - | 1997 |
| Larissos | 0711 | Lappa | - | 1997 |
| Lefkasio | 0713 | Kleitoria | - | 1997 |
| Messatida | 0714 | Ovrya | - | 1997 |
| Movri | 0715 | Sageika | - | 1997 |
| Olenia | 0723 | Lousika | - | 1997 |
| Paion | 0716 | Dafni | - | 1997 |
| Paralia | 0717 | Paralia | - | - |
| Patras | 0718 | Patras | 1830 | not refounded |
| Rio | 0719 | Rio | - | - |
| Sympoliteia | 0720 | Rododafni | - | - |
| Tritaia | 0721 | Stavrodromi | 1830s-1910s | 1997 |
| Vrachnaiika | 0705 | Vrachnaiika | - | - |
| Community | YPES code | Seat (if different) | ||
| Kalentzi | 0710 | Kalentzi | - | - |
| Leontio | 0712 | Leontio | - | - |
Division rankings were as of the 2005-06 season for most teams:
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Copyrights:
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 | Dictionary. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition Copyright © 2007, 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2007. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Read more |
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| Classical Literature Companion. The Concise Oxford Companion to Classical Literature. Copyright © 1993, 2003 by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. Read more |
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| Columbia Encyclopedia. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition Copyright © 2003, Columbia University Press. Licensed from Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. www.cc.columbia.edu/cu/cup/ Read more |
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| Wikipedia. This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Achaea". Read more |
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