Adena

Map of the Archaeological Cultures of Ohio

The Adena culture was a Pre-Columbian Native American culture that existed from 1000 to 200 BCE, in a time known as the early Woodland Period. The Adena culture refers to what were probably a number of related Native American societies sharing a burial complex and ceremonial system. The Adena lived in a variety of locations, including: Ohio, Indiana, West Virginia, Kentucky, and parts of Pennsylvania and New York.

Importance

Adena sites are concentrated in a relatively small area - maybe 300 sites in the central Ohio Valley, with perhaps another 200 scattered throughout Indiana, Kentucky, West Virginia and Pennsylvania, although they may once have numbered in the thousands. The importance of the Adena complex comes from its considerable influence on other contemporary cultures and cultures that came after it. ^[1] The Adena culture is seen as the precursor to the cultural traditions of the Hopewell culture, which are sometimes thought as an elaboration, or zenith, of Adena traditions.

The Adena were notable for their agricultural practices, pottery, artistic works and extensive trading network that supplied them with a variety of raw materials, ranging from copper from the Great Lakes to shells from the Gulf Coast. ^[2][3][4] The Adena culture was named for the large mound on Thomas Worthington's early 19th century estate called "Adena", in Chillicothe, Ohio. ^[5]

Art and Religion

Mounds

Adena culture's most lasting artifacts were substantial earthworks. Adena sites are concentrated in a relatively small area - maybe 300 sites in the central Ohio Valley, with perhaps another 200 scattered throughout Indiana, Kentucky, West Virginia and Pennsylvania. ^[1] Once Adena mounds numbered in the hundreds, but only a number of Adena earthen monuments still survive today. These mounds generally ranged in size from 20 to 300 feet (91 m) in diameter and served as burial structures, ceremonial sites, historical markers and possibly gathering places. These mounds were built using hundreds of thousands of baskets full of specially selected and graded earth. According to archaeological investigations, Adena mounds were usually built as part of burial ritual, in which the earth of the mound was piled immediately atop a burned mortuary building. These mortuary buildings were intended to keep and maintain the dead until their final burial was performed. Before the construction of the mounds, some utilitarian and grave goods would be placed on the floor of the structure, which was burned with the goods and honored dead within. The mound would then be constructed, and often a new mortuary structure would be placed atop the new mound. After a series of repetitions, mound/mortuary/mound/mortuary, a quite prominent earthwork would remain. In the later Adena period, circular ridges of unknown function were sometimes constructed around the burial mounds. ^[1] Adena mounds stood in isolation from domestic living areas. ^[6]

List of Mounds

Site	Image	Description
Adena Mound (Ross County, Ohio)	File:No image available	Adena Mound, the type site for the culture, a registered historic structure near Chillicothe, Ohio.
Biggs Site		The site, located in Greenup County, Kentucky, is a earthen mound surrounded by a circular ditch and embankment. It is connected to the Portsmouth Earthworks directly across the Ohio River in Portsmouth, Ohio. [7][8]
Criel Mound		A 35-foot (11 m) high and 175-foot (53 m)-diameter conical mound, is the second largest of its type in West Virginia. It is located in South Charleston, West Virginia. P. W. Norris of the Smithsonian Institution oversaw the excavation. His team discovered numerous skeletons along with weapons and jewelry. [9]
Gaitskill Mound		An earthwork attributed to the Adena culture and located in Mount Sterling, Kentucky at coordinates 38°04′21″N 83°57′03″W / 38.072481°N 83.950783°W / 38.072481; -83.950783.
Grave Creek Mound		At 69 feet (21 m) high and 295 feet (90 m) in diameter, is the largest conical-type burial mound in the United States. It is located in Moundsville, West Virginia. In 1838, much of the archaeological evidence in this mound was destroyed when several non-archaeologists tunneled into the mound. [10][11]
Miamisburg Mound		Once serving as an ancient burial site, the Mound is the most recognizable landmark in Miamisburg. It is the largest conical burial mound in Ohio, and remains virtually intact. Located in a city park at 900 Mound Avenue, it is an Ohio historical site and serves as a popular attraction and picnic destination for area families. Visitors can climb to the top of the mound, via stone-masonry steps
Mounds State Park		Mounds State Park is a state park in Anderson, Indiana, featuring prehistoric Native American heritage, and 10 ceremonial mounds built by the Adena culture people and also used by later Hopewell inhabitants.
Rock Eagle		In Putnam County, Georgia, sometimes attributed to members of the Adena culture.
Rock Hawk Effigy Mound		In Putnam County, Georgia, sometimes attributed to members of the Adena culture.
Round Hill Mound		Earthwork attributed to the Adena culture located in Round Hill, Kentucky
Story Mound	File:No image available.jpg	Story Mound is a large, conical burial mound built circa 800 BCE to 100 CE. Originally, it was 25 feet tall and 125 feet in diameter. It is similar in size to the Adena Mound and it is located in Ross County, Ohio about one mile southeast of the Adena State Memorial.

Shamanism

Although the mounds are beautiful artistic achievements themselves, Adena artists created smaller, more personal pieces of art. Art motifs that became important to many later Native Americans began with the Adena. ^[6] Motifs such as the weeping eye and cross and circle design, became mainstays in many succeeding cultures. Many pieces of art seemed to revolve around shamanic practices, and the transformation of humans into animals—particularly birds, wolves, bears and deer—and back to human form. This may indicate a belief that the practice imparted the animals qualities to the wearer or holder of the objects. Deer antlers, both real and constructed of copper, wolf, deer and mountain lion jawbones, and many other objects were fashioned into costumes, necklaces and other forms of regalia by the Adena. ^[12] Distinctive tubular smoking pipes, with either flattened or blocked-end mouthpieces, suggest the offering of smoke to the spirits. The objective of pipe smoking may have been altered states of consciousness, achieved through the use of the hallucinogenic plant Nicotiana rustica. All told, Adena was a manifestation of a broad regional increase in the number and kind of artifacts devoted to spiritual needs. ^[6]

Stone tablets

The Adena also carved small stone tablets, usually 4 or 5 inches by 3 or 4 inches by .5 inches thick. On one or both flat sides were gracefully composed stylized zoomorphs or curvilinear geometric designs in deep relief. Paint has been found on some Adena tablets, leading archaeologists to propose that these stone tablets were probably used to stamp designs on cloth or animal hides, or onto their own bodies. ^[12] Its possible they were used to outline designs for tattooing. ^[6]

Pottery

Unlike in other cultures, Adena pottery was not buried with the dead or the remains of the cremated, as were other artifacts. Usually tempered with grit or crushed limestone, it was largely plain, cord-marked or fabric marked, although one type bore a nested-diamond design incised into its surface. The vessel shapes were sub-conoidal or flat-bottomed jars, sometimes with small foot-like supports. ^[13]

Domestic life

Settlement patterns

The large and elaborate mound sites served a nearby scattering of people. The population was dispersed in small settlements of one to two structures. A typical house was built in a circle form from 15 to 45 feet in diameter. The walls were made of paired posts tilted outward, joined to other wood to form a cone shaped roof. The roof was then covered with bark and the walls may have been bark and/or wickerwork. ^[14]

Food sources

Their subsistence was acquired through foraging and the cultivation of native plants.

• Hunted deer, elk, black bear, woodchuck, beaver, porcupine, turkey, trumpeter swan, ruffed grouse
• Gathered several edible seed grasses and nuts. ^[15]
• Cultivated pumpkin, squash, sunflower, and goosefoot. ^[6]

Tools

The Adena ground stone tools and axes. Somewhat, rougher slab-like stones with chipped edges were probably used as hoes. Bone and antler were used in small tools but even more prominently in ornamental objects such as beads, combs, and worked animal-jaw gorgets or paraphernalia. Spoon, beads and other implements were made from the marine conch. A few copper axes have been found, but otherwise the metal was hammered into ornamental forms, such as bracelets, rings, beads, and reel-shaped pendants. ^[13]

See also

• Hopewell tradition

References

External links

• Ohio Memory
• Ohio Historical Society's Archaeology Page

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Adena culture

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