n.
A nucleoside, C10H13N5O4, composed of adenine linked to ribose, that is a structural component of nucleic acids and the major molecular component of ADP, AMP, and ATP.
[Blend of ADENINE and RIBOSE.]
Dictionary:
a·den·o·sine (ə-dĕn'ə-sēn')
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5min Related Video:
adenosine |
Chemistry Dictionary:
adenosine |
A nucleoside comprising one adenine molecule linked to a D-ribose sugar molecule. The phosphate-ester derivatives of adenosine, AMP, ADP, and ATP, are of fundamental biological importance as carriers of chemical energy.

Dental Dictionary:
adenosine |
A compound derived from nucleic acid, composed of adenine and a sugar, D-ribose. Adenosine is the major molecular component of nucleotides and the nucleic acids.
Drug Info:
Adenosine |
Brand names: Adeno-jec®Adenocard®Adenoscan®
Chemical formula:

Adenosine injection
What is adenosine injection?
ADENOSINE (Adenocard®) is an antiarrhythmic agent. Adenosine can help the heart to beat regularly when you have a particular type of rapid heartbeat called supraventricular tachycardia. It is not effective when a rapid heartbeat is caused by other problems. Generic adenosine injections are available.
What should I tell my health care provider before I take this medicine?
They need to know if you have any of these conditions:
asthma
heart problems other than supraventricular tachycardia
an unusual or allergic reaction to adenosine, other medicines, foods, dyes, or preservatives
pregnant or trying to get pregnant
breast-feeding
How should I use this medicine?
Adenosine is for injection into a vein. It is given by a health-care professional in a hospital or clinic setting.
Contact your pediatrician or health care professional regarding the use of this medicine in children. Special care may be needed.
What drug(s) may interact with adenosine?
caffeine
carbamazepine
dipyridamole
guarana
theophylline
Tell your prescriber or health care professional about all other medicines you are taking, including non-prescription medicines, nutritional supplements, or herbal products. Also tell your prescriber or health care professional if you are a frequent user of drinks with caffeine or alcohol, if you smoke, or if you use illegal drugs. These may affect the way your medicine works. Check with your health care professional before stopping or starting any of your medicines.
What should I watch for while taking adenosine?
You may get dizzy; to reduce the risk of dizzy or fainting spells, do not sit or stand up quickly, especially if you are an older patient. Alcohol can make you more dizzy, increase flushing and rapid heartbeats. Avoid alcoholic drinks.
What side effects may I notice from receiving adenosine?
Side effects can be mild and temporary because the drug is active in the body only for a short time.
Side effects that you should report to your prescriber or health care professional as soon as possible:
chest pain, palpitations
difficulty breathing
severe headache
Side effects that usually do not require medical attention (report to your prescriber or health care professional if they continue or are bothersome):
chest tightness
dizziness, or lightheadedness
flushing
headache
nausea, vomiting
tingling in arms, numbness
Where can I keep my medicine?
Keep out of the reach of children.
Store between 15 and 30 degrees C (59 and 86 degrees F). Do not refrigerate. If crystals appear, warm to room temperature and only use if the solution is clear. Do not freeze. Throw away any unused portion.
Last updated: 7/1/2002
Important Disclaimer: The drug information provided here is for educational purposes only. It is intended to supplement, not substitute for, the diagnosis, treatment and advice of a medical professional. This drug information does not cover all possible uses, precautions, side effects and interactions. It should not be construed to indicate that this or any drug is safe for you. Consult your medical professional for guidance before using any prescription or over the counter drugs.
Veterinary Dictionary:
adenosine |
One of the four bases that make up RNA and DNA containing the pentose sugar, 2-deoxy-d-ribose. Adenosine nucleotides are involved in the energy metabolism of all cells. Adenosine can be linked to a chain of one, two or three phosphate groups to form adenosine monophosphate (AMP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The bond between the phosphate groups in ADP or the two bonds between the phosphate groups in ATP are called high-energy bonds because hydrolysis of a high-energy bond provides a large amount of free energy that can be used to drive other processes that would not otherwise occur spontaneously. The energy that is derived from the oxidation of carbohydrates, fats or proteins is used to synthesize ATP. The energy stored in ATP is then used directly or indirectly to drive all other cellular processes that require energy, of which there are four major types: (1) the transport of molecules and ions across cell membranes against concentration gradients, which maintains the internal environment of the cell and produces the membrane potential for the conduction of nerve impulses; (2) the contraction of muscle fibers and other fibers producing the motion of cells; (3) the synthesis of chemical compounds; (4) the synthesis of other high-energy compounds.
Wikipedia:
Adenosine |
| Systematic (IUPAC) name | |
|---|---|
| (2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolane-3,4-diol | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | 58-61-7 |
| ATC code | C01EB10 |
| PubChem | 60961 |
| DrugBank | APRD00132 |
| ChemSpider | 54923 |
| Chemical data | |
| Formula | C10H13N5O4 |
| Mol. mass | 267.241 g/mol |
| SMILES | eMolecules & PubChem |
| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Bioavailability | Rapidly cleared from circulation via cellular uptake |
| Protein binding | No |
| Metabolism | Rapidly converted to inosine and adenosine monophosphate |
| Half life | cleared plasma <30 seconds - half life <10 seconds |
| Excretion | can leave cell intact or can be degraded to hypoxanthine, xanthine, and ultimately uric acid |
| Therapeutic considerations | |
| Pregnancy cat. | C |
| Legal status | Australia - Legal; UK - Legal; US - Rx only |
| Routes | IV or injection |
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Adenosine is a nucleoside composed of a molecule of adenine attached to a ribose sugar molecule (ribofuranose) moiety via a β-N9-glycosidic bond.
Adenosine plays an important role in biochemical processes, such as energy transfer—as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP)—as well as in signal transduction as cyclic adenosine monophosphate, cAMP. It is also an inhibitory neurotransmitter, believed to play a role in promoting sleep and suppressing arousal, with levels increasing with each hour an organism is awake.
Adenosine is often abbreviated Ado.
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Contents
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Adenosine is an endogenous purine nucleoside that modulates many physiological processes. Cellular signaling by adenosine occurs through four known adenosine receptor subtypes (A1, A2A, A2B, and A3).[1]
Extracellular adenosine concentrations from normal cells are approximately 300 nM; however, in response to cellular damage (e.g. in inflammatory or ischemic tissue), these concentrations are quickly elevated (600–1,200 nM). Thus, in regards to stress or injury, the function of adenosine is primarily that of cytoprotection preventing tissue damage during instances of hypoxia, ischemia, and seizure activity. Activation of A2A receptors produces a constellation of responses that in general can be classified as anti-inflammatory.
The different adenosine receptor subtypes (A1, A2A, A2B, and A3) are all seven transmembrane spanning G-protein coupled receptors. These four receptor subtypes are further classified based on their ability to either stimulate or inhibit adenylate cyclase activity. The A2A and A2B receptors couple to Gάs and mediate the stimulation of adenylate cyclase, while the A1 and A3 adenosine receptors couple to Gάi which inhibits adenylate cyclase activity. Additionally, A1 receptors couple to Gάo, which has been reported to mediate adenosine inhibition of Ca2+ conductance, whereas A2B and A3 receptors also couple to Gάq and stimulate phospholipase activity.
Adenosine is believed to be an anti-inflammatory agent at the A(2A) receptor.[2][3] Topical treatment of adenosine to foot wounds in diabetes mellitus has been shown in lab animals to drastically increase tissue repair and reconstruction. Topical administration of adenosine for use in wound healing deficiencies and diabetes mellitus in humans is currently under clinical investigation.
When administered intravenously, adenosine causes transient heart block in the AV node. This is mediated via the A1 receptor, inhibiting adenylyl cyclase, reducing cAMP and so causing cell hyperpolarization by increasing outward K+ flux. It also causes endothelial dependent relaxation of smooth muscle as is found inside the artery walls. This causes dilatation of the "normal" segments of arteries; i.e. where the endothelium is not separated from the tunica media by atherosclerotic plaque. This feature allows physicians to use adenosine to test for blockages in the coronary arteries, by exaggerating the difference between the normal and abnormal segments.
In individuals suspected of suffering from a supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), adenosine is used to help identify the rhythm. Certain SVTs can be successfully terminated with adenosine.[4] This includes any re-entrant arrhythmias that require the AV node for the re-entry (e.g., AV reentrant tachycardia (AVRT), AV nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT). In addition, atrial tachycardia can sometimes be terminated with adenosine.
Adenosine has an indirect effect on atrial tissue causing a shortening of the refractory period. When administered via a central lumen catheter, adenosine has been shown to initiate atrial fibrillation because of its effect on atrial tissue. In individuals with accessory pathways, the onset of atrial fibrillation can lead to a life-threatening ventricular fibrillation.
Fast rhythms of the heart that are confined to the atria (e.g., atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter) or ventricles (e.g., monomorphic ventricular tachycardia) and do not involve the AV node as part of the re-entrant circuit are not typically converted by adenosine. However, the ventricular response rate is temporarily slowed with adenosine in such cases.
Because of the effects of adenosine on AV node-dependent SVTs, adenosine is considered a class V antiarrhythmic agent. When adenosine is used to cardiovert an abnormal rhythm, it is normal for the heart to enter ventricular asystole for a few seconds. This can be disconcerting to a normally conscious patient, and is associated with angina-like sensations in the chest.[5]
By nature of caffeine's purine structure it binds to some of the same receptors as adenosine. The pharmacological effects of adenosine may therefore be blunted in individuals who are taking large quantities of methylxanthines (e.g., caffeine, found in coffee and tea, or theobromine, as found in chocolate).
Generalized, adenosine has an inhibitory effect in the central nervous system (CNS). Caffeine's stimulatory effects, on the other hand, are primarily (although not entirely) credited to its inhibition of adenosine by binding to the same receptors, and therefore effectively blocking adenosine receptors in the CNS. This reduction in adenosine activity leads to increased activity of the neurotransmitters dopamine and glutamate.
When given for the evaluation or treatment of a supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), the initial dose is 6 mg, given as a fast intravenous/intraosseous infusion push. Due to adenosine's extremely short half-life, the IV line is started as proximal (near) to the heart as possible, such as the antecubital fossa (the depression in front of the elbow.) The IV push is often followed with an immediate flush of 5-10ccs of saline. If this has no effect (e.g., no evidence of transient AV block), a 12 mg dose can be given 1–2 minutes after the first dose. If the 12 mg dose has no effect, a second 12 mg dose can be administered 1–2 minutes after the previous dose. Some clinicians may prefer to administer a higher dose (typically 18 mg), rather than repeat a dose that apparently had no effect. When given to dilate the arteries, such as in a "stress test", the dosage is typically 0.14 mg/kg/min, administered for 4 or 6 minutes, depending on the protocol.
The recommended dose may be increased in patients on theophylline since methylxanthines prevent binding of adenosine at receptor sites. The dose is often decreased in patients on dipyridamole (Persantine) and diazepam (Valium) because adenosine potentiates the effects of these drugs. The recommended dose is also reduced by half in patients who are presenting congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, shock, hypoxia, and/or hepatic or renal insufficiency, and in elderly patients.
Dopamine may precipitate toxicity in the patient. Carbamazepine may increase heart block. Theophylline and caffeine (methylxanthines) competitively antagonize adenosine's effects; may require increased dose of adenosine. Dipyridamole potentiates the action of adenosine, requiring the use of lower doses.
Contraindications for adenosine are e.g.:
In Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, adenosine may be administered if equipment for cardioversion is immediately available as a backup.
Many individuals experience facial flushing, a temporary rash on the chest, lightheadedness, asystole, diaphoresis, or nausea after administration of adenosine due to its vasodilatory effects. Metallic taste is a hallmark side effect of adenosine administration. These symptoms are transitory, usually lasting less than one minute. It is classically associated with a sense of "impending doom" (or a feeling of death), more prosaically described as apprehension. This lasts a few seconds after administration intravenously. In some cases adenosine can make patients' limbs feel numb for about 2–5 minutes after administration intravenously depending on the dosage (usually above 12 mg). During the immediate effect of the drug, patients will be in pain for about 2–10 seconds.
When adenosine enters the circulation, it is broken down by adenosine deaminase, which is present in red cells and the vessel wall.
Dipyridamole, an inhibitor of adenosine deaminase, allows adenosine to accumulate in the blood stream. This causes an increase in coronary vasodilatation.
The adenosine analog, NITD008 has been reported to directly inhibit the recombinant an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of the dengue virus by terminating its RNA chain synthesis. This suppresses peak viremia, rise in cytokines and prevented infected animal from death raising the possibility of a new treatment for this flavivirus.[7] The 7-deaza-adenosine analog has been shown to inhibit the replication of the hepatitis C virus.[8] Such adenosine analogs are potentially clinically useful since they can be taken orally.
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This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer)
| AMP | |
| cAMP | |
| ATPase (biochemistry) |
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| How is adenosine triphosphateATPformed? | |
| What is the adenosine triphoshate? | |
| How do adenosine diphosphate and adenosine triphosphate differ in structure? |
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