SPOCA stands for Subject, Predicate, Object, Complement, and Adjunct - these are the five core elements that make up a sentence in English grammar. The subject is the doer of the action, the predicate is the action or state, the object is the receiver of the action, the complement completes the meaning of the sentence, and the adjunct adds extra information. Understanding these elements helps to analyze and construct grammatically correct sentences.

In functional grammar, a modal adjunct is an adverbial phrase that provides additional information about the modality of a sentence. It typically indicates the speaker's attitude towards the action or situation described in the sentence, such as possibility, necessity, or obligation. Modal adjuncts can include words like "perhaps," "certainly," "probably," "necessarily," and "undoubtedly."

She works as an adjunct professor at the university, teaching introductory psychology classes.

Certain people were adjunct additions to the campus.

She was an adjunct professor at the university.