African violet

Saintpaulia
a Saintpaulia ionantha cultivar
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Asterids
Order:	Lamiales
Family:	Gesneriaceae
Genus:	Saintpaulia J.C.Wendl.
Species
Saintpaulia inconspicua Saintpaulia goetzeana Saintpaulia ionantha Saintpaulia pusilla Saintpaulia shumensis Saintpaulia teitensis

Saintpaulia, commonly known as African violet, is a genus of 6 species of herbaceous perennial flowering plants in the family Gesneriaceae, native to Tanzania and adjacent southeastern Kenya in eastern tropical Africa, with a concentration of species in the Nguru mountains of Tanzania. The genus is most closely related to Streptocarpus, with recent phylogenetic studies suggesting it has evolved directly from subgenus Streptocarpella. The common name was given due to a superficial resemblance to true violets (Viola, family Violaceae).

Taxonomy

A pink, just flowering cultivar

The genus is named after Baron Walter von Saint Paul-Illaire (1860-1910), the district commissioner of Tanga province who discovered the plant in Tanganyika (now Tanzania) in Africa in 1892 and sent seeds back to his father, an amateur botanist in Germany. Two British plant enthusiasts, Sir John Kirk and Reverend W.E. Taylor, had earlier collected and submitted specimens to Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew in 1884 and 1887 respectively, but the quality of specimens was insufficient to permit scientific description at that time. The genus Saintpaulia, and original species S. ionantha, were scientifically described by J. C. Wendland in 1893.

Saintpaulias grow from 6–15 cm tall and can be anywhere from 6–30 cm wide. The leaves are rounded to oval, 2.5-8.5 cm long with a 2–10 cm petiole, finely hairy, and with a fleshy texture. The flowers are 2–3 cm diameter, with a five-lobed velvety corolla ("petals"), and grow in clusters of 3-10 or more on slender stalks (peduncles). Flower colour in the wild species can be violet, purple, pale blue, or white.

Several of the species and subspecies are endangered, and many more are threatened, due to clearance of their native cloud forest habitat for agriculture.

Revisions of the genus by B.L. Burtt had expanded the genus to approximately 20 species. On the basis of recent studies that showed most of the species to be very poorly differentiated, both genetically and morphologically, the number of species has been reduced to 6, with the majority of former species reduced to subspecies under S. ionantha, in a recent floristic treatment (Darbyshire 2006).

Old name vs. current name

• Saintpaulia amaniensis = S. ionantha ssp. grotei
• Saintpaulia brevipilosa = S. ionantha ssp. velutina
• Saintpaulia confusa = S. ionantha ssp. grotei
• Saintpaulia difficilis = S. ionantha ssp. grotei
• Saintpaulia diplotricha = S. ionantha ssp. ionantha var. diplotricha
• Saintpaulia grandifolia = S. ionantha ssp. grandifolia
• Saintpaulia grotei = S. ionantha ssp. grotei
• Saintpaulia intermedia = S. ionantha ssp. pendula
• Saintpaulia magungensis = S. ionantha ssp. grotei
• Saintpaulia magungensis var. minima = S. ionantha ssp. grotei
• Saintpaulia magungensis var. occidentalis = S. ionantha ssp. occidentalis
• Saintpaulia nitida = S. ionantha ssp. nitida
• Saintpaulia orbicularis = S. ionantha ssp. orbicularis
• Saintpaulia pendula = S. ionantha ssp. pendula
• Saintpaulia pendula var. kizarae = S. ionantha ssp. pendula
• Saintpaulia rupicola = S. ionantha ssp. rupicola
• Saintpaulia tongwensis = S. ionantha ssp. ionantha var. ionantha
• Saintpaulia velutina = S. ionantha ssp. velutina

Cultivation

Saintpaulias are widely cultivated as house plants. Until recently, only a few of these species have been used in breeding programs for the hybrids available in the market; most available as house plants are cultivars derived from Saintpaulia ionantha (syn. S. kewensis). A wider range of species is now being looked at as sources of genes to introduce into modern cultivars.

References

• Darbyshire, I. 2006. Gesneriaceae. In H.J. Beentje & S.A. Ghazanfar (eds.), Flora of Tropical East Africa.

External links

• African Violet Society of America website
• African Violet in Romania - Pasionata de violete africane
• African Violet Society of Canada website
• Swedish African Violet Society website
• Finnish Saintpaulia Society website
• How to grow African Violets article
• Gesneriad Reference Web Saintpaulia article
• Violet Reflections, an online AV group
• The Violet Voice, an online AV group
• AV INTERNATIONAL, an online worldwide AV Group

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