agricultural science

A soil scientist measures and records corn growth and other processes.

Agricultural science is a broad multidisciplinary field that encompasses the parts of exact, natural, economic and social sciences that are used in the practice and understanding of agriculture. (Veterinary science, but not animal science, is often excluded from the definition.)

Agriculture and agricultural science

Agriculture General Agribusiness · Agriculture Agricultural science · Agronomy Animal husbandry Extensive farming Factory farming · Free range Green Revolution History of agriculture Industrial agriculture Intensive farming · Organic farming Permaculture Sustainable agriculture Urban agriculture Particular Aquaculture · Christmas trees · Dairy farming Grazing · Hydroponics · IMTA Intensive pig farming · Lumber Maize · Orchard Poultry farming · Ranching · Rice Sheep husbandry · Soybean System of Rice Intensification Wheat Issues Animal rights · Animal welfare Antibiotics Battery cage · Biosecurity · BSE Crop rotation Ethical consumerism Environmental science Foie gras Foodborne illness Foot-and-mouth disease Genetically modified food Gestation crate Growth hormone Pesticide Veal crates Water conservation Weed control Large corporations Bernard Matthews Cargill ContiGroup Companies McCain Foods Limited Maple Leaf Foods Monsanto Philip Morris Smithfield Foods Tyson Foods Wayne Farms Categories Agriculture by country Agriculture companies Agriculture companies, U.S. Biotechnology Farming history Livestock Meat processing Poultry farming

The two terms are often confused. However, they cover different concepts:

• Agriculture is the set of activities that transform the environment for the production of animals and plants for human use. Agriculture concerns techniques, including the application of agronomic research.
• Agronomy is research and development related to studying and improving plant-based agriculture.

Agricultural sciences include research and development on:

• Production techniques (e.g., irrigation management, recommended nitrogen inputs)
• Improving agricultural productivity in terms of quantity and quality (e.g., selection of drought-resistant crops and animals, development of new pesticides, yield-sensing technologies, simulation models of crop growth, in-vitro cell culture techniques)
• Transformation of primary products into end-consumer products (e.g., production, preservation, and packaging of dairy products)
• Prevention and correction of adverse environmental effects (e.g., soil degradation, waste management, bioremediation)
• Theoretical production ecology, relating to crop production modeling
• traditional agricultural systems, sometime termed subsistence agriculture, which feed most of the poorest people in the world. These systems are of interest as they sometimes retain a level of integration with natural ecological greater than that of industrial agriculture, which in may be more sustainable than some modern agricultural systems
• Food production and demand on a global basis, with special attention paid to the major producers, such as China, India, Brazil and the USA.

Agricultural science: a local science

With the exception of theoretical agronomy, research in agronomy, more than in any other field, is strongly related to local areas. It can be considered a science of ecoregions, because it is closely linked to soil properties and climate, which are never exactly the same from one place to another. Many people think an agricultural production system relying on local weather, soil characteristics, and specific crops has to be studied locally. Others feel a need to know and understand production systems in as many areas as possible, and the human dimension of interaction with nature.

History of agricultural science

Main article: History of agricultural science

Agricultural science is seen by some to have began with Mendel's insightful genetic work, but in modern terms might be better dated from the chemical fertilizer outputs of plant physiological understanding in eighteenth century Germany. Today it is very different from what it was even in 1950. Intensification of agriculture since the 1960s in developed and developing countries, often referred to as the Green Revolution, was closely tied to progress made in selecting and improving crops and animals for high productivity, as well as to developing additional inputs such as artificial fertilizers and phytosanitary products.

As the oldest and largest human intervention in nature, the environmental impact of agriculture in general and more recently intensive agriculture, industrial development, and population growth have raised many questions among agricultural scientists and have led to the development and emergence of new fields. These include technological fields that assume the solution to technological problems lies in better technology, such as integrated pest management, waste treatment technologies, landscape architecture, genomics, and agricultural philosophy fields that include references to food production as something essentially different from non-essential economic 'goods'. In fact, the interaction between these two approaches provide a fertile field for deeper understanding in agricultural science.

New technologies, such as biotechnology and computer science (for data processing and storage), and technological advances have made it possible to develop new research fields, including genetic engineering, agrophysics, improved statistical analysis, and precision farming. Balancing these, as above, are the natural and human sciences of agricultural science that seek to understand the human-nature interactions of traditional agriculture, including interaction of religion and agriculture, and the non-material components of agricultural production systems.

Prominent agricultural scientists

• Norman Borlaug
• Luther Burbank
• Louis Pasteur
• Gregor Mendel
• René Dumont
• George Washington Carver

Agricultural science and agriculture crisis

Agriculture sciences seek to feed the world's population while preventing biosafety problems that may affect human health and the environment. This requires promoting good management of natural resources and respect for the environment, and increasingly concern for the psychological wellbeing of all concerned in the food production and consumption system.

Economic, environmental, and social aspects of agriculture sciences are subjects of ongoing debate. Recent crises (such as Avian Flu, mad cow disease and issues such as the use of genetically modified organisms) illustrate the complexity and importance of this debate.

Fields or related disciplines

• Agricultural engineering
• Agricultural philosophy
• Biosystems engineering
• Aquaculture
• Agronomy and Horticulture
• Agrophysics
• Animal science
• Plant fertilization, animal and human nutrition
• Plant protection and animal health
• Soil science
• Water science
• Biotechnology, genetic engineering, and microbiology
• Farming equipment
• Irrigation and water management
• Agricultural economics
• Food science
• Environmental science and engineering
• Waste management
• Theoretical production ecology

See also

• Agricultural sciences basic topics
• Agricultural soil science
• Agrology
• Agronomy
• History of agricultural science
• Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences
• List of agriculture topics

External links

• Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR)
• Indian Council of Agricultural Research
• International Institute of Tropical Agriculture
• International Livestock Research Institute
• A special issue of the Journal of Environmental Management that focuses specifically on farm management and the environment.
• The National Agricultural Library (NAL)- The most comprehensive agricultural library in the world.
• Food Security and Ag-Biotech News
• University of Agricultural Sciences
• SAFECROP Centre for research and development of crop protection with low environment and consumer health impact

References

Cox, P.G., GC Jahn, and S. Mak 2001. Doing it together means doing it better (Sometimes): the case for organizational change in agricultural R&D. pp. 287-298, In S. Suthipradit, C. Kuntha, S. Lorlowhakarn, and J. Rakngan [eds.] “Sustainable Agriculture: Possibility and Direction” Proceedings of the 2nd Asia-Pacific Conference on Sustainable Agriculture 18-20 October 1999, Phitsanulok, Thailand. Bangkok (Thailand): National Science and Technology Development Agency. 386 p.

Cox, Peter, Numa Shams, Gary C. Jahn, P. Erickson and P. Hicks. 2002. Building collaboration between NGOs and agricultural research institutes. Cambodian Journal of Agriculture 6: 1-8.[1]

Cox, P., S. Mak, G. C. Jahn, and P. Mason 2000. Agricultural R&D for development in Cambodia: where the buck stops (starts). Proceedings of the 44th meeting of the International Society for Systems Sciences held in Toranto , Canada, July 16-22, 2000. CDROM

Keith Fuglie, Nicole Ballenger, Kelly Day, Cassandra Klotz, Michael Ollinger, John Reilly, Utpal Vasavada, and Jet Yee. 1996. Agricultural Research and Development: Public and Private Investments Under Alternative Markets and Institutions, Agricultural Economics Report No. (AER735) 88 pp

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