Agroforestry

Parkland in Burkina Faso: Sorghum grown under Faidherbia albida and Borassus akeassii near Banfora, Burkina Faso

Agroforestry is an integrated approach of using the interactive benefits from combining trees and shrubs with crops and/or livestock. It combines agricultural and forestry technologies to create more diverse, productive, profitable, healthy, and sustainable land-use systems.^[1]

Definitions

According to the World Agroforestry Centre, Agroforestry is a collective name for land use systems and practices in which woody perennials are deliberately integrated with crops and/or animals on the same land management unit. The integration can be either in a spatial mixture or in a temporal sequence. There are normally both ecological and economic interactions between woody and non-woody components in agroforestry.

In agroforestry systems, trees or shrubs are intentionally used within agricultural systems, or non-timber forest products are cultured in forest settings. Knowledge, careful selection of species and good management of trees and crops are needed to optimize the production and positive effects within the system and to minimize negative competitive effects.

In some areas, a narrow definition of agroforestry might simply be "trees on farms."^[2] Hence, agroforestry, farm forestry and family forestry can be broadly understood as the commitment of farmers, alone or in partnerships, towards the establishment and management of forests on their land. Where many landholders are involved the result is a diversity of activity that reflects the diversity of aspirations and interests within the community.

Types

Silvopasture

Early days

34 years later

Silvopasture combines livestock grazing on forage crops or pasture within actively managed tree or shrub crops.^[3] Cattle, sheep and goats are the most common livestock incorporated into silvopasture systems and they may be deployed entirely within a private farm/woodlot silvopasture or through collaborative arrangements between forest licensees and livestock producers on public lands (e.g. in British Columbia, sheep grazing is used as a vegetation management tool in young forest plantations).

Pinus radiata planted in 1970 in rows approximately 30 metres apart mid-spring. The trees averaged ~33 cms/13 inches in height at time of planting. To maintain productivity in the paddock, hay was harvested and then cropped the following autumn with oats. After this crop was harvested Merino lambs were pastured to graze the stubble. They grazed for about two weeks before they started feeding on the trees. These lambs were then swapped with a new mob of lambs. Hay was then cropped again. After this harvest the trees were sufficiently high to cope with sheep grazing their lower branches. Virtually no productivity was lost and as the trees started to influence the micro-climate the paddock became more and more productive.

Silvoarable

Silvoarable mixes trees amongst arable or horticultural crops.^[4] Alley cropping, sometimes referred to as 'sun systems', is a form of intercropping, and can be applied by farmers as a strategy to combat soil erosion, to increase the diversity of farmland, as a means for crop diversification and to derive other integrated benefits. In this practice, crops are planted in strips in the alleys formed between rows of trees and/or shrubs. The potential benefits of this design include the provision of shade in hot, dry environments (reducing water loss from evaporation), retention of soil moisture, increase in the structural diversity of the site and wildlife habitat. The woody perennials in these systems can produce fruit, fuelwood, fodder, or trimmings to be made into mulch.

Inga alley cropping has been proposed as an alternative to the ecological destruction of Slash-and-burn farming.^[5] The Inga tree is a genus of small tropical, tough-leaved, nitrogen-fixing tree.

Forest farming

Forest farming, also known as 'shade systems', is the sustainable, integrated cultivation of both timber and non-timber forest products in a forest setting.^[6] Forest farming is separate and distinct from the opportunistic exploitation / wild harvest of non-timber forest products. Successful forest farming operations produce: mushrooms, maple and birch syrup, native plants used for landscaping and floral greenery (e.g. salal, sword fern, bear grass, cedar boughs and others), medicinal and pharmaceutical products (e.g. ginseng, goldenseal, cascara or yew bark), wild berries and fruit.

Forest gardening

Forest gardening is a food production and land management system based on woodland ecosystems, but substituting trees (such as fruit or nut trees), bushes, shrubs, herbs and vegetables which have yields directly useful to humans.^[7] Making use of companion planting, these can be intermixed to grow on multiple levels in the same area, as do the plants in a forest. The Agroforestry Research Trust, managed by Martin Crawford, has a 2-acre forest garden in Devon, United Kingdom.

Practices

A riparian buffer bordering a river.

Contour buffers

Contour buffer strips are rows of trees or shrubs planted in rows across slopes to reduce soil erosion and give wind protection.^[8]

Fertility plantings

Nitrogen-fixing trees and shrubs are planted with the main aim of improving nutrient input into the system.^[8]

Riparian buffers

Riparian buffers are managed forest and shrubs belts in areas bordering lakes, streams, rivers, and wetlands. Integrated riparian management systems are used to enhance and protect aquatic and riparian resources as well as generating income from timber and non-timber forest products. Similar to shelter and timberbelts, integrated riparian management systems can employ a wide variety of tree and shrub species, with specific plantings tailored to suit the specific growing conditions and production opportunities.

Windbreaks

A windbreak is a plantation usually made up of one or more rows of trees or shrubs planted in such a manner as to provide shelter from the wind.^[8]

Benefits

Agroforestry systems can be advantageous over conventional agricultural and forest production methods through increased productivity, biodiversity, economic benefits, social outcomes and the ecological goods and services provided.^[9]

Biodiversity in agroforestry systems is typically higher than in conventional agricultural systems. Agroforestry incorporates at least several plant species into a given land area and creates a more complex habitat that can support a wider variety of birds, insects, and other animals. Agroforestry also has the potential to help reduce climate change since trees take up and store carbon at a faster rate than crops.^{[citation needed]}

Agroforestry tree species of research interest in the tropics, particularly in relation to improving maize yields in sub-Saharan Africa, include the nitrogen fixing species Sesbania sesban, Tephrosia vogelii, Gliricidia sepium and Faidherbia albida. For example, a ten year experiment in Malawi showed that by using fertilizer trees such as Tephrosia vogelii and Gliricidia sepium, maize yields averaged 3.7 tonnes per hectare, compared to 1 tonne per hectare in plots without fertilizer trees or mineral fertilizer.^[10] Research with Faidherbia albida in Zambia over several years showed that mature trees can sustain maize yields of 4.1 tonnes per hectare compared to 1.3 tonnes per hectare beyond the canopy of the tree. Unlike other trees, Faidherbia sheds its nitrogen-rich leaves during the rainy crop growing season so it does not compete with the crop for light, nutrients and water. The leaves then regrow during the dry season and provide land cover and shade for crops.^[11]

Potential impacts of agroforestry can include:

• Reducing poverty through increased production of agroforestry products for home consumption and sale
• Contributing to food security by restoring farm soil fertility for food crops and production of fruits, nuts and edible oils
• Reducing deforestation and pressure on woodlands by providing fuelwood grown on farms
• Increasing diversity of on-farm tree crops and tree cover to buffer farmers against the effects of global climate change
• Improving nutrition to lessen the impacts of hunger and chronic illness associated with HIV/AIDS
• Augmenting accessibility to medicinal trees, the main source of medication for 80% of Africa's population^{[citation needed]}

Other aims

Agroforestry practices may also be employed to realize a number of other associated environmental aims, such as:

• Carbon sequestration
• Odour, dust, and noise reduction
• Waste water or manure management (e.g. utilizing urban waste water on intensive, short rotation forests for wood fibre production)
• Green space and visual aesthetics.
• Enhancement or maintenance of wildlife habitat.

See also

Sustainable development portal

• Sustainable agriculture
• Permaculture
• Permaforestry
• Forest gardening
• Forest farming
• Analog forestry
• Wildcrafting
• Buffer strip
• Afforestation
• Deforestation
• Megaprojects
• Mycoforestry
• World Forestry Congress

References

Further reading

• Patish, Daizy Rani, ed. (2008). Ecological basis of agroforestry. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4200-4327-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=HsDrg48t4TkC. 
• The Springer Journal, "Agroforestry Systems" (ISSN 1572-9680) [1]; Editor-In-Chief: Prof. Shibu Jose, H.E. Garrett Endowed Professor and Director, The Center for Agroforestry, University of Missouri
• Robbins, Jim (November 21, 2011). "A Quiet Push to Grow Crops Under Cover of Trees". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/22/science/quiet-push-for-agroforestry-in-us.html. Retrieved November 22, 2011. 

External links

• World Agroforestry Centre
• The Center for Agroforestry at the University of Missorui
• Online Masters Degree in Agroforestry University of Missouri
• Australian Agroforestry
• The Green Belt Movement
• Plants For A Future
• Trees for the Future
• Free Distance Agroforestry Training Manual (from Trees for the Future)
• Vi-Agroforestry
• Agroforst in Deutschland

Media

• The short film Agroforestry Practices - Alley Cropping (2004) is available for free download at the Internet Archive [more]
• The short film Agroforestry Practices - Forest Farming (2004) is available for free download at the Internet Archive [more]
• The short film Agroforestry Practices - Riparian Forest Buffers (2004) is available for free download at the Internet Archive [more]
• The short film Agroforestry Practices - Silvopasture (2004) is available for free download at the Internet Archive [more]
• The short film Agroforestry Practices - Windbreaks (2004) is available for free download at the Internet Archive [more]